Ordinatio

John Duns Scotus

Ordinatio

John Duns Scotus (1266–1308)

John Duns Scotus's Ordinatio (also called the Opus Oxoniense) is his revised, authorially prepared commentary on Peter Lombard's Sentences. Scotus began arranging it for publication around 1300 after lecturing at Oxford and continued revising material associated with Paris until his death in 1308; the work therefore remains unfinished and textually layered. Its disputations on God, creation, individuation, freedom, grace, and the Incarnation helped establish Scotism as a major alternative within late-medieval scholastic theology. Schola uses the Vatican critical-edition tradition for the Latin and a separately sourced English translation.

This work is being completed — add a section.


Prologus I: Prologus Totius Operis

Pars I: Pars 1 - On the Necessity of Revealed Doctrine

Quaestio I: Single Question: On the Necessity of Revealed Doctrine - Whether it be necessary for man in this present state for some doctrine to be supernaturally inspired

Articulus I: 1. Controversy between Philosophers and Theologians

Section I: A. Opinion of the Philosophers

Section II: B. Rejection of the Opinion of the Philosophers

Articulus II: II. Solution of the Question

Articulus III: III. About the Three Principal Reasons against the Philosophers

Articulus IV: IV. To the Arguments of the Philosophers

Articulus V: V. To the Principal Arguments

Pars II: Pars 2 - On the Sufficiency of Revealed Doctrine

Quaestio I: Single Question: On the Sufficiency of Revealed Doctrine Whether the supernatural knowledge necessary for the wayfarer is sufficiently handed on in Sacred Scripture.

Articulus I: I. On the Truth of Sacred Scripture

Articulus II: II. Principal Response to the Question

Articulus III: III. To the Principal Arguments

Pars III: Pars 3 - On the Object of Theology

Quaestio I: Question 1: Whether theology is about God as about its first object.

Quaestio II: Question 2: Whether Theology is about God under some Special Idea

Quaestio III: Question 3: Whether Theology is about All Things from the Attribution of them to its First Subject

Articulus I: I. Preliminary Remarks

Articulus II: II. About Necessary Theology

Section I: A. To the First Question, speaking of Theology in itself

Section II: B. To the Second Question, speaking of Theology in itself

Section III: C. To the First Question, speaking of Our Theology

Articulus III: III. On Contingent Theology

Articulus IV: IV. On Christ as First Object

Articulus V: V. To the Principal Arguments of the First Question

Articulus VI: VI. To the principal Arguments of the Second Question

Articulus VII: VI. To the Third Question

Section I: A. Opinion of Others

Section II: B. Scotus’ own Response

Articulus VIII: VII. To the principal Arguments of the Third Question

Pars IV: Pars 4 - On Theology as a Science

Quaestio I: Questions 1 and 2 - Whether theology in itself is a science, and whether it is subalterning or subalternate

Articulus I: I. To the First Question

Articulus II: II. To the Second Question

Pars V: Pars 5 - On Theology insofar as it is a Practical Science

Quaestio I: Question 1 - Whether theology is a practical or a speculative science

Quaestio II: Question 2 - Whether a science is called practical per se from order to action as to its end

Articulus I: I. What Action [Praxis] is

Articulus II: II. How Practical Knowledge is Extended to Action

Articulus III: III. From what Source Knowledge has Extension to Action

Articulus IV: IV. To the Second Question

Articulus V: V. To the First Question

Section I: A. The Opinion of Others

Section II: B. Scotus’ own Opinion

Articulus VI: VI. To the Principal Arguments of the First Question.

Articulus VII: VII. To the Principal Arguments of the Second Question

Book 1

Distinctio I: First Distinction

Pars I: First Part - On the Object of Enjoyment

Quaestio I: Question 1: Whether the object of enjoyment per se is the ultimate end

Articulus I: I. To the Question

Tractatus I: II. To the Principal Arguments

Quaestio II: Question 2 - Whether the ultimate end has only the one idea of enjoyability

Articulus I: I. To the Question

Section I: A. On the Enjoyment of the Wayfarer as to its Possibility

Section II: B. On the Enjoyment of the Comprehender when Speaking of the Absolute Power of God

Section III: C. On the Enjoyment of the Comprehender when Speaking of the Power of the Creature

Section IV: D. On the Enjoyment of the Comprehender and of the Wayfarer when Speaking of the Fact

Articulus II: II. To the Arguments

Section I: A. To the Principal Arguments

Section II: B. To the Reasons for the Opposite

Pars II: Second Part - On Enjoying in Itself

Quaestio I: Question 1 - Whether enjoying is an act elicited by the will or a passion received in the will

Articulus I: I. To the Question

Articulus II: II. To the Principal Arguments

Quaestio II: Question 2 - Whether when the end has been apprehended by the intellect the will must necessarily enjoy it

Articulus I: I. To the Question

Section I: A. The Opinion of Others

Section II: B. Attack on the Opinion of Others

Section III: C. Scotus’ Own Opinion

Section IV: D. To the Arguments for the Opinion of Others

Articulus II: II. To the Principal Arguments

Pars III: On the Enjoyer

Quaestio I: Whether Enjoying Belongs to God

Quaestio II: Whether the Wayfarer Enjoys

Quaestio III: Whether the Sinner Enjoys

Quaestio IV: Whether the Brutes Enjoy

Quaestio V: Whether All Things Enjoy

Articulus I: I. To the Questions Together

Articulus II: II. To the Principal Arguments

Distinctio II: Second Distinction

Pars I: First Part - On the Existence of God and his Unity

Quaestio I: Question 1 - Whether among beings there is something existing actually infinite

Quaestio II: Question 2 - Whether something infinite is known self-evidently

Articulus I: I. To the Second Question

Articulus II: II. To the Principal Arguments of the Second Question

Articulus III: III. To the First Question

Section I: A. The Existence of the Relative Properties of an Infinite Being is Made Clear

Section II: B. The Existence of an Infinite Being is Made Clear

Subsection I: 1. Conclusions preliminary to infinity are proposed and demonstrated

  1. Quod autem sit intelligens et volens arguo sic: aliquod agens est per se primum agens, quia omni causa per accidens prior est aliqua causa per se, II Physicorum, ubi hoc vult de natura, de qua minus videtur; sed omne agens per se agit propter finem.

  2. Et ex hoc arguitur dupliciter. Primo sic: omne agens naturale praecise consideratum ex necessitate et aeque ageret si ad nullum finem alium ageret sed sit independenter agens, ergo si non agit nisi propter finem, hoc est quia dependet ab agente amante finem: tale est primum efficiens, ergo etc.

  3. Item, si primum agens agit propter finem, aut ergo finis ille movet primum efficiens ut amatus actu voluntatis, aut ut tantum naturaliter amatus. Si ut amatus actu voluntatis, habetur propositum. Si tantum amatus naturaliter, hoc est falsum, quia non naturaliter amat alium finem a se, ut grave centrum et materia formam; tunc enim esset aliquo modo ad finem, quia inclinatus ad illum. Si autem tantum naturaliter amat finem qui est ipse, hoc nihil est nisi ipsum esse ipsum, hoc enim non est salvare duplicem rationem in ipso.

  4. Item arguitur, quasi conferendo rationem iam factam, sic: ipsum primum efficiens dirigit effectum suum ad finem; ergo vel naturaliter dirigit, vel cognoscendo et amando illum finem. Non naturaliter, quia non cognoscens nihil dirigit nisi in virtute cognoscentis: sapientis enim est prima ordinatio, I Metaphysicae; sed primum efficiens in nullius alterius virtute dirigit, sicut nec causat, tunc enim non esset primum; ergo etc.

  5. Item, aliquid causatur contingenter; ergo prima causa contingenter causat, ergo volens causat.

  6. Probatio primae consequentiae: quaelibet causa secunda causat in quantum movetur a prima; ergo si prima necessario movet, quaelibet alia necessario movetur et quidlibet necessario causatur; igitur si aliqua causa secunda contingenter movet, et prima contingenter movebit, quia non causat causa secunda nisi in virtute primae causae in quantum movetur ab ipsa.

  7. Probatio secundae consequentiae: nullum est principium contingenter operandi nisi voluntas vel aliquid concomitans voluntatem, quia quodlibet aliud agit ex necessitate naturae, et ita non contingenter; ergo etc.

  8. Contra istam rationem instatur, et primo contra primam consequentiam arguitur sic, quia nostrum velle posset adhuc aliquid contingenter causare, et ita non requiritur quod prima causa illud contingenter causet.

  9. Item, Philosophus antecedens concessit, scilicet quod aliquid contingenter causatur, et negavit consequens intelligendo de velle, scilicet quod prima causa contingenter causet, ponendo contingentiam in inferioribus non propter contingenter Deum velle sed ex motu, qui necessario causatur in quantum uniformis, sed difformitas sequitur ex partibus eius, et ita contingentia.

  10. Contra secundam consequentiam, 'si causat contingenter, ergo volens': non videtur tenere, quia aliqua naturaliter mota possunt impediri, et ita oppositum - contingenter et violenter - potest evenire.

  11. Ad primum dicendum quod si Deus est primum movens vel efficiens respectu voluntatis nostrae, idem sequitur de ipsa quod de aliis, quia sive immediate necessario movet eam, sive aliud immediate et illud, necessario motum, necessario moveat eam, quia movet non nisi ex hoc quod movetur. Sequitur tandem quod proximum voluntati necessario moveat voluntatem, etiam si proximum voluntati sit ipsamet voluntas; et ita necessario volet, et erit volens necessario. Et sequitur ulterius impossibile, quod necessario causat quodlibet causatum.

  12. Ad secundum dico quod non voco hic contingens quodcumque non necessarium vel non sempiternum, sed cuius oppositum posset fieri quando illud fit; ideo dixi 'aliquid contingenter causatur', et non 'aliquid est contingens'. Nunc dico quod Philosophus non potest consequens negare salvando antecedens per motum, quia si ille totus motus necessario est a causa sua, quaelibet pars eius necessario causatur quando causatur, id est inevitabiliter, ita quod oppositum non potest tunc causari; et ulterius, quod causatur per quamcumque partem motus, necessario causatur et inevitabiliter. Vel igitur nihil fit contingenter, id est evitabiliter, vel primum sic causat immediate quod posset etiam non causare.

  13. Ad tertium dico quod si aliqua causa potest impedire istam, hoc non est nisi in virtute superioris causae, et sic usque ad primam causam, quae si immediatam causam sibi necessario movet, usque ad ultimam erit necessitas; ergo necessario impediet, et per consequens non potest alia causa naturaliter causare.

  14. Sic ergo videtur triplici via ostensum quod primum agens est intelligens et volens, quarum prima est quod natura agit propter finem et non nisi quia dependens et directa a cognoscente finem; secunda est quod ipsum primum agens agit propter finem, et tertia quod aliquis effectus contingenter fit quando causatur.

  15. Ulterius quoad quaestionem praeambulam ad infinitatem probo secundo quod eius intellectio et volitio est idem quod eius essentia, et primo de volitione sui ipsius ut obiecti ita quod primam causam amare est idem essentialiter cum natura causae et omnis actus voluntatis eius. Probatio. Causalitas et causatio causae finalis est simpliciter prima, secundum Avicennam VI Metaphysicae, dicentem quod ((si de qualibet causa esset scientia, illa quae esset de causa finali, esset nobilissima)); ipsa enim, quantum ad causalitatem, praecedit causam efficientem, quia movet efficiens ad agendum, - et ideo causalitas primi finis, et eius causatio, est penitus incausabilis secundum quamcumque causationem in quolibet genere causae. Causalitas autem finis primi est movere efficiens primum sicut amatum; idem autem est primum finem movere primum efficiens ut amatum ab ipso et primum efficiens amare primum finem, quia nihil aliud est obiectum amari a voluntate quam voluntatem amare obiectum. Ergo primum efficiens amare primum finem est penitus incausabile, et ita ex se necesse esse, et ita erit idem naturae primae. Et quasi convertitur ratio ex opposito conclusionis, quia si primum amare est aliud a natura prima, ergo est causabile, et per consequens effectibile; igitur ab aliquo per se efficiente amante finem. Igitur primum amare se esset causatum ex aliquo amore finis priore isto causato, quod est impossibile.

  16. Hoc ostendit Aristoteles XII Metaphysicae de intelligere, quia aliter primum non erit optima substantia, quia per intelligere est honorabile.

  17. Secundo, quia alias laboriosa erit eius continuatio. Item, si non sit illud, erit in potentia contradictionis ad illud; ad illam naturam sequitur labor secundum ipsum.

  18. Istae rationes possunt ratione declarari. Prima sic: cum omnis entis in actu primo perfectio eius ultima sit in actu secundo quo coniungitur optimo, maxime si sit activum et non tantum factivum (omne autem intelligibile est activum, et prima natura est intelligibilis, ex praemissa), sequitur quod ultima eius perfectio erit in actu secundo; igitur si ille non sit eius substantia, substantia eius non est optima, quia aliud est suum optimum.

  19. Secunda ratio potest declarari sic: potentia solummodo receptiva est potentia contradictionis; ergo cum hoc non sit huiusmodi, ergo etc. - Sed quia secundum Aristotelem nec ista est ratio demonstrativa, sed tantum probabilis, aliter propositum ostendatur, ex identitate potentiae et obiecti in se; ergo actus erit eis idem. Sed consequentia non valet, patet: instantia, quia angelus intelligit se et amat se et tamen actus angeli amandi et intelligendi non sunt idem substantiae eius.

  20. Haec conclusio, videlicet quod essentia divina sit eadem quod volitio sui ipsius, vera est ex corollariis: nam sequitur primo quod voluntas est idem primae naturae, quia velle non est nisi voluntatis; ergo illa voluntas cuius velle est incausabile est etiam incausabilis; ergo etc. Et similiter, velle intelligitur quasi posterius voluntate; tamen velle est idem illi naturae; ergo magis voluntas.

  21. Item secundo sequitur quod intelligere se est idem illi naturae, quia nihil amatur nisi cognitum; igitur si amare se ex se est necesse esse, sequitur quod intelligere se est necesse esse ex se.

  22. Et si est intelligere propinquius illi naturae quam velle, ideo sequitur ulterius quod intellectus sit idem illi naturae, sicut prius de voluntate ex velle argutum est.

  23. Sequitur quarto etiam quod ratio intelligendi se sit idem sibi, quia necesse est esse ex se si intelligere sit ex se necesse esse et ratio intelligendi se quasi praeintelligitur ipsi intellectui.

  24. Ostenso de intelligere se et velle se quod sint idem essentiae primi, ostendo propositum ex aliis, scilicet de omni intelligere et velle. Et sit conclusio tertia ista: nullum intelligere potest esse accidens primae naturae. Probatio, quia de illa natura prima ostensum est esse in se primum effectivum; ergo ex se habet unde posset quodcumque causabile causare circumscripto alio quocumque, saltem ut prima causa illius causabilis. Sed circumscripta cognitione eius, non habet unde possit illud causabile causare; ergo cognitio cuiuscumque alterius non est aliud a natura sua. - Probatio assumpti, quia nihil potest causare nisi ex amore finis volendo illud. quia non potest aliter esse per se agens, quia nec agere, propter finem; nunc autem ipsi velle alicuius propter finem praeintelligitur intelligere ipsum; ante igitur primum signum in quo intelligitur causans sive volens a, necessario praeintelligitur intelligens a; ita sine hoc non potest per se efficere, et ita de aliis.

  25. Item, probatur idem, quia omnes intellectiones eiusdem intellectus habent similem habitudinem ad intellectum, secundum identitatem essentialem vel accidentalem (sicut patet de omni intellectu creato et eius intellectionibus), quia videntur perfectiones eiusdem generis; ergo si aliquae habent receptivum, et omnes, et si aliqua est accidens, et quaelibet. Sed aliqua non potest esse accidens in primo, ex praecedenti conclusione, quia non intellectio sui ipsius; ergo nulla erit ibi accidens.

  26. Item, intelligere si quod potest esse accidens, recipietur in intellectu ut in subiecto: ergo et in illo intelligere quod est idem intellectui, et ita perfectius intelligere erit in potentia receptiva respectu imperfectioris.

  27. Item, idem intelligere potest esse plurium obiectorum ordinandorum, ergo quanto perfectius, tanto plurium; ergo perfectissimum quo incompossibile est perfectius intelligi erit idem omnium intelligibilium. Intelligere primi sic est perfectissimum; ergo idem est omnium intelligibilium, et illud quod est sui est idem sibi, ex proxima praecedente; ergo intelligere omnium est idem. Et eandem conclusionem volo intelligi de velle.

  28. Item, iste intellectus non est nisi quoddam intelligere; sed iste intellectus est idem omnium, et ita quod non potest esse alicuius alterius obiecti; ergo nec intelligere aliud. Ergo idem intelligere est omnium. - Fallacia est accidentis ex identitate aliquorum inter se concludere identitatem respectu tertii respectu cuius extraneantur; et patet in simili: intelligere est idem quod velle; 'si ergo intelligere ipsum est alicuius, ergo et velle est eiusdem', non sequitur, sed tantummodo sequitur quia est velle; quod quidem velle est aliquid eiusdem, quia intelligendum est 'eiusdem' ita quod divisim inferri potest, non coniunctim, propter accidens.

  29. Item, intellectus primi habet actum unum adaequatum sibi et coaeternum, quia intelligere se est idem sibi; ergo non potest aliquem habere alium. - Consequentia non valet. Exemplum de beato, qui simul videt Deum et aliud etiam si videat Deum secundum ultimum capacitatis suae, ut de anima Christi ponitur, et adhuc potest videre aliud.

  30. Item arguitur: intellectus iste habet in se per identitatem perfectionem maximam intelligendi; ergo et omnem aliam. - Responsio: non sequitur, quia alia quae minor est potest esse causabilis et ideo differre ab incausabili, maxima autem non potest.

  31. Quarta conclusio principalis de intellectu et voluntate Dei est ista: intellectus primi intelligit semper et distincto actu et necessario quodcumque intelligibile prius naturaliter quam illud sit in se.

  32. Prima pars probatur, quia potest cognoscere quodcumque intelligibile sic; hoc enim est perfectionis in intellectu, posse distincte et actu cognoscere quodcumque intelligibile, immo hoc ponere est necessarium ad rationem intellectus, quia omnis intellectus est totius entis sumpti communissime, ut determinabitur distinctione 3. Nullam autem intellectionem potest habere intellectus primi nisi eandem sibi, ex proxima; igitur cuiuslibet intelligibilis habet intelligere actuale et distinctum, et hoc idem sibi, et ita semper et necessario.

  33. Secunda pars, de prioritate, probatur sic, quia quidquid est idem sibi est necesse esse, sicut patuit prius; sed esse aliorum a se est non necesse esse. Necesse esse ex se est prius natura omnium non necessario.

  34. Aliter probatur, quia esse cuiuslibet alterius dependet ab ipso ut a causa, et ut causa est alicuius causabilis, necessario includitur cognitio eius ex parte causae; ergo illa cognitio erit prior naturaliter ipso esse cogniti.

  35. Prima pars etiam conclusionis probatur aliter, quia artifex perfectus distincte cognoscit omne agendum antequam fiat, alias non perfecte operaretur, quia cognitio est mensura iuxta quam operatur; ergo Deus est omnium producibilium a se habens notitiam distinctam et actualem, vel saltem habitualem, priorem eis.

  36. Contra istam: instatur de arte quod ars universalis sufficit ad universalia producenda. - Responsionem quaere.

Subsection II: 2. The infinity of God is proved directly

Articulus IV: IV. To the Principal Arguments of the First Question

Quaestio III: Question 3 - Whether there is only one God

Articulus I: I. To the Question

Tractatus I: II. To the Arguments

Section I: A. To the Arguments for the Other Opinion

Section II: B. To the Principal Arguments

Pars II: Second Part - On the Persons and Productions in God

Quaestio I: Question 1 - Whether there can be along with the unity of the divine essence a plurality of persons

Quaestio II: Question 2 - Whether there are only three persons in the divine essence

Quaestio III: Question 3 - Whether being Produced can Stand in Something along with the Divine Essence

Quaestio IV: Question 4 - Whether in the Divine Essence there are only Two Intrinsic Productions

Articulus I: I. To the Third Question

Section I: A. Scotus’ own Proofs

Section II: B. Proofs of Others

Articulus II: II. To the Principal Arguments of the Third Question

Articulus III: III. To the Fourth Question

Section I: A. The Opinion of Henry of Ghent is Expounded

Section II: B. The Opinion of Henry of Ghent is Rejected

Section III: C. Scotus’ Own Opinion

Section IV: D. Instances against the Solution

Articulus IV: IV. To the Principal Arguments of the Fourth Question

Articulus V: V. To the Second Question

Tractatus I: A. About the Produced Persons in Divine Reality

Section I: B. About the Sole Non-produced Person in Divine Reality

Articulus VI: VI. To the Principal Arguments of the Second Question

Articulus VII: VII. To the First Question

Section I: A. Declaration of Scotus’ Own Solution

Section II: B. On Formal Distinction or Non-Identity

Articulus VIII: VIII. To the Principal Arguments of the First Question

Distinctio III: Third Distinction

Pars I: First Part - About the Knowability of God

Quaestio I: Question 1 - Whether God is Naturally Knowable by the Intellect of the Wayfarer

Tractatus I: Question 2 - Whether God is the First Thing Naturally Known by Us in this State of Life

Articulus I: I. Clarification of the First Question

Articulus II: II. Opinion of Others as to Each Question

Articulus III: III. Scotus’ own Response to the First Question

Section I: A. A Quidditative Concept can be Had of God

Section II: B. About a Concept Univocal to God and Creatures

Section III: C. God Cannot be Known under his Proper Idea

Section IV: D. About the Concept of Infinite Being

Section V: E. God is Known through the Species of Creatures

Articulus IV: IV. To the Arguments of the First Question

Articulus V: V. Scotus’ own Response to the Second Question

Section I: A. About the Order of Origin of Intelligibles

Section II: B. About the Order of Perfection and Adequacy in Intelligibles

Articulus VI: VI. To the Arguments for the Second Question

Quaestio II: Question 3 - Whether God is the Natural First Object that is Adequate Relative to the Intellect of the Wayfarer

Quaestio III: Question 4 - Whether any Certain and Sincere Truth could Naturally be Known by the Intellect of the Wayfarer without a Special Illumining of Uncreated Light

Articulus I: I. Opinion of Henry

Articulus II: II. Attack on Henry’s Opinion and Solution of the Question

Section I: A. Against the Fundamental Reasons Adduced

Section II: B. Against the Opinion in Itself

Section III: C. Against the Fundamental Reasons insofar as they are Less Probative

Section IV: D. Against the Conclusion itself of the Opinion

Section V: E. Solution of the Question

Section VI: F. Once More Against the Fundamental Reasons Adduced

Articulus I: I. Opinion of Others

Section I: A. First Opinion

Section II: B. Second Opinion

Articulus II: II. To the Question

Section I: A. Of What Sort the Univocity of Being is and to What Things it Extends.

Section II: B. About the First Object of the Intellect

Section III: C. Arguments against the Univocity of Being and their Solution

Articulus III: III. About Other Transcendentals

Articulus IV: IV. Doubt about the First Object of the Intellect for this Present State

Articulus V: V. To the Initial Arguments

Pars II: Second Part - About the Vestige/Footprint

Quaestio I: Single Question - Whether in Every Creature there is a Vestige of the Trinity

Articulus I: I. To the Question

Section I: A. On the Idea of Footprint/Vestige

Subsection I: 1. Opinion of Others

Subsection II: 2. Against this Opinion

Subsection III: 3. Scotus’ own Opinion

Section II: B. About Ratification and Somesort-ness

Subsection I: 1. Opinion of Others

Subsection II: 2. Rejection of the Opinion

Sub-subsection I: a. A First Rejection of the Opinion

Sub-subsection II: b. Another Rejection of the Opinion

Subsection III: 3. Scotus’ own Opinion

Subsection IV: 4. To the Reasons for the Rejected Opinion

Section III: -

Articulus II: II. To the Initial Arguments

Pars III: Third Part - About the Image

Quaestio I: Question 1 - Whether in the Intellective Part Properly Taken there is a Memory that has an Intelligible Species Naturally Prior to the Act of Understanding

Articulus I: I. To the Question

Section I: A. The Opinion of Others

Section II: B. Scotus’ Response and his own Opinion

Subsection I: 1. Reasons on the Part of the Universality of the Object

Subsection II: 2. Reasons on the Part of the Presence of the Object

Subsection III: 3. Scotus’ Concluding Opinion

Subsection IV: 4. To the Reasons from the Authorities

Section III: -

Articulus II: II. To the Initial Arguments

Articulus III: III. To the Arguments for the Opinion of Others

Quaestio II: Question 2 - Whether the Intellective Part Properly Taken or Something of it is the Total Cause Generating Actual Knowledge or is the Idea of Generating

Articulus I: I. Six Opinions of Others are Expounded and Rejected

Section I: A. About the First Opinion

Subsection I: 1. Exposition of the Opinion

Section I: 2. Rejection of the Opinion

Section II: B. About the Second Opinion

Subsection I: 1. Exposition of the opinion

Subsection II: 2. Rejection of the Opinion

Section III: C. About the Third and Fourth Opinion

Subsection I: 1. Exposition of the Opinions

Subsection II: 2. Rejection of the Opinions

Section IV: D. About the Fifth and Sixth Opinion

Subsection I: 1. Exposition of the Opinions

Subsection II: 2. Rejection of the Opinions

Subsection III: 3. Rejection of the Sixth Opinion Specifically

Articulus II: II. Scotus’ own Opinion

Articulus III: III. To the Arguments for the Opinions

Section I: A. To the Arguments for the First Opinion

Section II: B. To the Arguments for the Second Opinion

Section III: C. To the Things Said in the Third and Fourth Opinion

Section IV: D. To the Arguments of the Fifth Opinion

Articulus IV: IV. To the Initial Arguments

Quaestio III: Question 3 - Whether the More Principal Cause of Generated Knowledge is the Object Present in Itself or in the Species, or the Very Intellective Part of the Intellect

Articulus I: I. Solution of the Question

Articulus II: II. To the Initial Arguments

Quaestio IV: Question 4 - Whether there is Distinctly in the Mind an Image of the Trinity

Articulus I: I. To the Question

Section I: A. About the Image of the Trinity in Us

Section II: B. Two Doubts

Subsection I: 1. To the First Doubt

Subsection II: 2. To the Second Doubt

Subsection III: 3. Corollary

Articulus II: II. To the Initial Arguments

↑ Top of work