Ordinatio

John Duns Scotus

Ordinatio

John Duns Scotus (1266–1308)

John Duns Scotus's Ordinatio (also called the Opus Oxoniense) is his revised, authorially prepared commentary on Peter Lombard's Sentences. Scotus began arranging it for publication around 1300 after lecturing at Oxford and continued revising material associated with Paris until his death in 1308; the work therefore remains unfinished and textually layered. Its disputations on God, creation, individuation, freedom, grace, and the Incarnation helped establish Scotism as a major alternative within late-medieval scholastic theology. Schola uses the Vatican critical-edition tradition for the Latin and a separately sourced English translation.

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Prologus I: Prologus Totius Operis

Pars I: Pars 1 - On the Necessity of Revealed Doctrine

Quaestio I: Single Question: On the Necessity of Revealed Doctrine - Whether it be necessary for man in this present state for some doctrine to be supernaturally inspired

Articulus I: 1. Controversy between Philosophers and Theologians

Section I: A. Opinion of the Philosophers

Section II: B. Rejection of the Opinion of the Philosophers

Articulus II: II. Solution of the Question

Articulus III: III. About the Three Principal Reasons against the Philosophers

Articulus IV: IV. To the Arguments of the Philosophers

Articulus V: V. To the Principal Arguments

Pars II: Pars 2 - On the Sufficiency of Revealed Doctrine

Quaestio I: Single Question: On the Sufficiency of Revealed Doctrine Whether the supernatural knowledge necessary for the wayfarer is sufficiently handed on in Sacred Scripture.

Articulus I: I. On the Truth of Sacred Scripture

Articulus II: II. Principal Response to the Question

Articulus III: III. To the Principal Arguments

Pars III: Pars 3 - On the Object of Theology

Quaestio I: Question 1: Whether theology is about God as about its first object.

Quaestio II: Question 2: Whether Theology is about God under some Special Idea

Quaestio III: Question 3: Whether Theology is about All Things from the Attribution of them to its First Subject

Articulus I: I. Preliminary Remarks

Articulus II: II. About Necessary Theology

Section I: A. To the First Question, speaking of Theology in itself

Section II: B. To the Second Question, speaking of Theology in itself

Section III: C. To the First Question, speaking of Our Theology

Articulus III: III. On Contingent Theology

Articulus IV: IV. On Christ as First Object

Articulus V: V. To the Principal Arguments of the First Question

Articulus VI: VI. To the principal Arguments of the Second Question

Articulus VII: VI. To the Third Question

Section I: A. Opinion of Others

Section II: B. Scotus’ own Response

Articulus VIII: VII. To the principal Arguments of the Third Question

Pars IV: Pars 4 - On Theology as a Science

Quaestio I: Questions 1 and 2 - Whether theology in itself is a science, and whether it is subalterning or subalternate

Articulus I: I. To the First Question

Articulus II: II. To the Second Question

Pars V: Pars 5 - On Theology insofar as it is a Practical Science

Quaestio I: Question 1 - Whether theology is a practical or a speculative science

Quaestio II: Question 2 - Whether a science is called practical per se from order to action as to its end

Articulus I: I. What Action [Praxis] is

Articulus II: II. How Practical Knowledge is Extended to Action

Articulus III: III. From what Source Knowledge has Extension to Action

Articulus IV: IV. To the Second Question

Articulus V: V. To the First Question

Section I: A. The Opinion of Others

Section II: B. Scotus’ own Opinion

Articulus VI: VI. To the Principal Arguments of the First Question.

Articulus VII: VII. To the Principal Arguments of the Second Question

Book 1

Distinctio I: First Distinction

Pars I: First Part - On the Object of Enjoyment

Quaestio I: Question 1: Whether the object of enjoyment per se is the ultimate end

Articulus I: I. To the Question

Tractatus I: II. To the Principal Arguments

Quaestio II: Question 2 - Whether the ultimate end has only the one idea of enjoyability

Articulus I: I. To the Question

Section I: A. On the Enjoyment of the Wayfarer as to its Possibility

Section II: B. On the Enjoyment of the Comprehender when Speaking of the Absolute Power of God

Section III: C. On the Enjoyment of the Comprehender when Speaking of the Power of the Creature

Section IV: D. On the Enjoyment of the Comprehender and of the Wayfarer when Speaking of the Fact

Articulus II: II. To the Arguments

Section I: A. To the Principal Arguments

Section II: B. To the Reasons for the Opposite

Pars II: Second Part - On Enjoying in Itself

Quaestio I: Question 1 - Whether enjoying is an act elicited by the will or a passion received in the will

Articulus I: I. To the Question

Articulus II: II. To the Principal Arguments

Quaestio II: Question 2 - Whether when the end has been apprehended by the intellect the will must necessarily enjoy it

Articulus I: I. To the Question

Section I: A. The Opinion of Others

Section II: B. Attack on the Opinion of Others

Section III: C. Scotus’ Own Opinion

Section IV: D. To the Arguments for the Opinion of Others

Articulus II: II. To the Principal Arguments

Pars III: On the Enjoyer

Quaestio I: Whether Enjoying Belongs to God

Quaestio II: Whether the Wayfarer Enjoys

Quaestio III: Whether the Sinner Enjoys

Quaestio IV: Whether the Brutes Enjoy

Quaestio V: Whether All Things Enjoy

Articulus I: I. To the Questions Together

Articulus II: II. To the Principal Arguments

Distinctio II: Second Distinction

Pars I: First Part - On the Existence of God and his Unity

Quaestio I: Question 1 - Whether among beings there is something existing actually infinite

Quaestio II: Question 2 - Whether something infinite is known self-evidently

Articulus I: I. To the Second Question

Articulus II: II. To the Principal Arguments of the Second Question

Articulus III: III. To the First Question

Section I: A. The Existence of the Relative Properties of an Infinite Being is Made Clear

Section II: B. The Existence of an Infinite Being is Made Clear

Subsection I: 1. Conclusions preliminary to infinity are proposed and demonstrated

Subsection II: 2. The infinity of God is proved directly

Articulus IV: IV. To the Principal Arguments of the First Question

Quaestio III: Question 3 - Whether there is only one God

Articulus I: I. To the Question

Tractatus I: II. To the Arguments

Section I: A. To the Arguments for the Other Opinion

Section II: B. To the Principal Arguments

Pars II: Second Part - On the Persons and Productions in God

Quaestio I: Question 1 - Whether there can be along with the unity of the divine essence a plurality of persons

Quaestio II: Question 2 - Whether there are only three persons in the divine essence

Quaestio III: Question 3 - Whether being Produced can Stand in Something along with the Divine Essence

Quaestio IV: Question 4 - Whether in the Divine Essence there are only Two Intrinsic Productions

Articulus I: I. To the Third Question

Section I: A. Scotus’ own Proofs

Section II: B. Proofs of Others

Articulus II: II. To the Principal Arguments of the Third Question

Articulus III: III. To the Fourth Question

Section I: A. The Opinion of Henry of Ghent is Expounded

Section II: B. The Opinion of Henry of Ghent is Rejected

Section III: C. Scotus’ Own Opinion

Section IV: D. Instances against the Solution

Articulus IV: IV. To the Principal Arguments of the Fourth Question

Articulus V: V. To the Second Question

Tractatus I: A. About the Produced Persons in Divine Reality

Section I: B. About the Sole Non-produced Person in Divine Reality

Articulus VI: VI. To the Principal Arguments of the Second Question

Articulus VII: VII. To the First Question

Section I: A. Declaration of Scotus’ Own Solution

Section II: B. On Formal Distinction or Non-Identity

Articulus VIII: VIII. To the Principal Arguments of the First Question

Distinctio III: Third Distinction

Pars I: First Part - About the Knowability of God

Quaestio I: Question 1 - Whether God is Naturally Knowable by the Intellect of the Wayfarer

Tractatus I: Question 2 - Whether God is the First Thing Naturally Known by Us in this State of Life

Articulus I: I. Clarification of the First Question

Articulus II: II. Opinion of Others as to Each Question

Articulus III: III. Scotus’ own Response to the First Question

Section I: A. A Quidditative Concept can be Had of God

Section II: B. About a Concept Univocal to God and Creatures

Section III: C. God Cannot be Known under his Proper Idea

Section IV: D. About the Concept of Infinite Being

Section V: E. God is Known through the Species of Creatures

Articulus IV: IV. To the Arguments of the First Question

Articulus V: V. Scotus’ own Response to the Second Question

Section I: A. About the Order of Origin of Intelligibles

Section II: B. About the Order of Perfection and Adequacy in Intelligibles

Articulus VI: VI. To the Arguments for the Second Question

Quaestio II: Question 3 - Whether God is the Natural First Object that is Adequate Relative to the Intellect of the Wayfarer

Quaestio III: Question 4 - Whether any Certain and Sincere Truth could Naturally be Known by the Intellect of the Wayfarer without a Special Illumining of Uncreated Light

Articulus I: I. Opinion of Henry

Articulus II: II. Attack on Henry’s Opinion and Solution of the Question

Section I: A. Against the Fundamental Reasons Adduced

Section II: B. Against the Opinion in Itself

Section III: C. Against the Fundamental Reasons insofar as they are Less Probative

Section IV: D. Against the Conclusion itself of the Opinion

Section V: E. Solution of the Question

Section VI: F. Once More Against the Fundamental Reasons Adduced

Articulus I: I. Opinion of Others

Section I: A. First Opinion

Section II: B. Second Opinion

Articulus II: II. To the Question

Section I: A. Of What Sort the Univocity of Being is and to What Things it Extends.

Section II: B. About the First Object of the Intellect

Section III: C. Arguments against the Univocity of Being and their Solution

Articulus III: III. About Other Transcendentals

Articulus IV: IV. Doubt about the First Object of the Intellect for this Present State

Articulus V: V. To the Initial Arguments

Pars II: Second Part - About the Vestige/Footprint

Quaestio I: Single Question - Whether in Every Creature there is a Vestige of the Trinity

Articulus I: I. To the Question

Section I: A. On the Idea of Footprint/Vestige

Subsection I: 1. Opinion of Others

Subsection II: 2. Against this Opinion

Subsection III: 3. Scotus’ own Opinion

Section II: B. About Ratification and Somesort-ness

Subsection I: 1. Opinion of Others

Subsection II: 2. Rejection of the Opinion

Sub-subsection I: a. A First Rejection of the Opinion

Sub-subsection II: b. Another Rejection of the Opinion

Subsection III: 3. Scotus’ own Opinion

Subsection IV: 4. To the Reasons for the Rejected Opinion

Section III: -

Articulus II: II. To the Initial Arguments

Pars III: Third Part - About the Image

Quaestio I: Question 1 - Whether in the Intellective Part Properly Taken there is a Memory that has an Intelligible Species Naturally Prior to the Act of Understanding

Articulus I: I. To the Question

Section I: A. The Opinion of Others

Section II: B. Scotus’ Response and his own Opinion

Subsection I: 1. Reasons on the Part of the Universality of the Object

Subsection II: 2. Reasons on the Part of the Presence of the Object

Subsection III: 3. Scotus’ Concluding Opinion

Subsection IV: 4. To the Reasons from the Authorities

Section III: -

Articulus II: II. To the Initial Arguments

Articulus III: III. To the Arguments for the Opinion of Others

Quaestio II: Question 2 - Whether the Intellective Part Properly Taken or Something of it is the Total Cause Generating Actual Knowledge or is the Idea of Generating

Articulus I: I. Six Opinions of Others are Expounded and Rejected

Section I: A. About the First Opinion

Subsection I: 1. Exposition of the Opinion

Section I: 2. Rejection of the Opinion

Section II: B. About the Second Opinion

Subsection I: 1. Exposition of the opinion

Subsection II: 2. Rejection of the Opinion

Section III: C. About the Third and Fourth Opinion

Subsection I: 1. Exposition of the Opinions

Subsection II: 2. Rejection of the Opinions

Section IV: D. About the Fifth and Sixth Opinion

Subsection I: 1. Exposition of the Opinions

Subsection II: 2. Rejection of the Opinions

Subsection III: 3. Rejection of the Sixth Opinion Specifically

Articulus II: II. Scotus’ own Opinion

Articulus III: III. To the Arguments for the Opinions

Section I: A. To the Arguments for the First Opinion

Section II: B. To the Arguments for the Second Opinion

Section III: C. To the Things Said in the Third and Fourth Opinion

Section IV: D. To the Arguments of the Fifth Opinion

  1. Ad auctoritatem Philosophi III De anima quod ((intelligere est pati)), quae adducitur pro quinta opinione: - dico quod Philosophus locutus est communiter de potentiis animae, in quantum sunt quibus sumus formaliter in actu secundo, puta de sensu in quantum est quo formaliter sentimus, et de intellectu in quantum est quo formaliter intelligimus. Formaliter autem intelligimus intellectu in quantum recipit intellectionem, quia si causet eam active, non tamen dicor intelligere intellectu in quantum causat, sed in quantum habet intellectionem ut formam; habere enim qualitatem, est esse 'quale', et ita intellectum habere intellectionem sive recipere - quod idem est - est ipsum esse intelligentem. Nos igitur intelligimus intellectu in quantum recipit intellectionem, ideo Philosophus, sic loquens de intellectu, necesse habuit dicere ipsum esse passivum, et quod 'intelligere' est 'pati quoddam', hoc est quod intellectio in quantum est quo formaliter intelligimus, est forma quaedam recepta in intellectu. Non autem intelligimus ea in quantum est aliquid causatum ab intellectu, si causatur ab eo, nam si Deus eam causaret et eam intellectui nostro imprimeret, non minus ea intelligeremus.

  2. Sicut dixi de 'intelligentia actualiter', ita dico de ' scire habitualiter' - quod intellectus est quo scimus habitualiter in quantum recipit habitum, non in quantum illum causat, si causat.

  3. Dico ergo quod omnes auctoritates quae sonant in 'passibilitatem' intellectus possibilis, possunt exponi de eo in quantum eo scimus habitualiter vel in quantum eo cognoscimus actualiter, et isto modo concedo quod est passivus; et si sit activus, non tamen secundum istam rationem, sed accidit ei quod sit activus secundum istam rationem. Affirmant autem illae auctoritates de intellectu quod verum est, non loquentes de intellectu sub ratione activi, sed asserentes ipsum habere rationem receptivi, licet ipsum non dicant 'non esse activum'. Locus autem ab auctoritate non tenet negative.

  4. Et per idem respondetur ad illud 'de potentia essentiali et accidentali'. Non enim intellectus est in potentia essentiali quia deficiat sibi aliqua ratio causalitatis quantum est ex parte sui, sed intellectus est in potentia essentiali quando alia partialis causa non est sibi praesens, quam oportet esse praesentem ad hoc quod sequatur actio; et quando illa causa partialis est approximata, est in potentia accidentali sive propinqua ad agendum.

  5. Sed illa auctoritas qua dicitur quod 'intellectus possibilis nihil est eorum quae sunt ante intelligere', requirit aliam expositionem, quam tamen auctoritatem in tantum pertractant aliqui, ut dicant 'intellectum possibilem esse in pura potentia in genere intelligibilium, sicut materia in genere entium', - quae non est intentio Philosophi, quia potentia ad accidens numquam fundatur nisi in substantia; intellectio autem sive species intelligibilis non est forma substantialis, sed accidens: ergo quod est immediate receptivum illius, est aliquid in actu substantiali, aut saltem quod est mediate receptivum, - et tunc quod immediate recipit erit aliquis actus accidentalis, sicut se habet superficies ad albedinem. Intellectus ergo possibilis, secundum quod est illud in quo recipitur forma intelligibilis vel intellectio, vel illud secundum quod species recipitur in anima, non erit purum potentiale, sed erit aliquid in actu primo, licet ipse respectus potentiae non sit aliquid in actu. Cum enim loquor de potentia receptiva albedinis, non loquor de potentia quae dicit respectum ad albedinem: ille enim respectus non est aliquid in actu, quia nec albedo ad quam est, est aliquid in actu, et respectus non est sine termino; sed illud in quo est vel dicitur esse illa potentia, est aliquid in actu, ut superficies est 'receptivum albedinis'. Ita hic. Licet ante intellectionem potentia ante actum - quae est respectus ad intellectionem - non sit aliquid in actu, sicut nec intellectio ad quam est, tamen illud in quo est ista potentia vel dicitur esse, quod est 'receptivum intellectionis', est aliquid in actu, et illud est intellectus possibilis.

  6. Non est igitur apud Philosophum ' intellectus possibilis nihil in actu', sicut isti accipiunt, sed oportet exponere illam auctoritatem hoc modo: naturaliter intelligimus primo illa quae primo occurrunt ex phantasmatibus, sicut dictum est in quaestione secunda huius distinctionis; nihil ergo possumus potentia propinqua intelligere ante intellectionem alicuius imaginabilis, ergo non possumus intelligere intellectum ante 'intelligere' alterius intelligibilis; igitur nec intellectus potest intelligi a nobis ante 'intelligere' alterius intelligibilis, ergo non est intelligibilis ante intellectionem alicuius alterius. Sicut primum antecedens est verum, ita et consequentia. Ideo igitur intelligendum est 'ipsum non esse aliquid eorum quae sunt ante intelligere', scilicet 'intelligibilium', non quia antequam intelligat nihil sit in actu, sed quia non est aliquid quod possit potentia propinqua intelligi a nobis ante 'intelligere' alterius, propter intellectionem nostram naturalem, incipientem modo a phantasmatibus.

  7. Cum post arguitur de illa similitudine, quocl sit 'ratio tam faciendi quam agendi', dico quod in faciente bene forma est ratio faciendi, in qua faciens assimilat sibi factum, sed in actione nihil est productum nisi ipsa actio: actio enim est ultimus terminus, nec habet alium terminum; et ideo non oportet quod in agente 'ratio agendi' sit in quo assimiletur producens alicui alteri producto, vel agens obiecto circa quod agit, quia illud sibi non assimilat.

  8. Et si dicas 'saltem illa est ratio agendi, in qua agens assimilat sibi productum, scilicet ipsam actionem', - bene concedo quod species illa quae est similitudo obiecti, et per quam intellectus assimilatur cognitioni productae, est aliqua ratio gignendi, sed non totalis ratio, nec etiam principalis, sicut patebit in sequenti quaestione: sed quando concurrunt duae causae, sufficit in propinquiore similitudo formalis, et in remotiore virtualis sive similitudo aequivoca, - et ita intellectus, quasi causa superior, virtualiter assimilatur intellectioni, species, quasi causa propinquior, quasi univoce et formaliter assimilatur ei.

  9. Cum arguitur post de indeterminatione intellectus ad diversos actus et obiecta, - respondeo quod aliqua est 'indeterminatio materialis', propter defectum actus, aliqua est 'indeterminatio agentis', propter illimitationem virtutis activae, sicut sol est indeterminatus ad generandum multa. 'Primo modo indeterminatum' non agit nisi determinetur per aliquem actum, quia alias non est in actu sufficiente sed in potentia; 'secundo modo indeterminatum' nulla alia forma a se determinatur, sed ex se determinatur ad producendum quemcumque effectum ad quem ex se est indeterminatum, et hoc praesente passo receptivo, sicut sol praesente passo generat quodcumque generabile, ex quo ipsum natum est generari. Ita in proposito. Indeterminatio intellectus non est indeterminatio potentialitatis passivae in suo ordine causalitatis, sed est indeterminatio actualitatis quasi illimitatae, et ideo non determinatur per formam quae sibi sit ratio determinata agendi, sed tantummodo per praesentiam obiecti, circa quod determinatum nata est esse determinata intellectio. Vel aliter posset dici quod sicut causa superior determinatur ad agendum, sicut sol ad generandum hominem concurrente homine agente, et bovem concurrente bove - non autem per aliquam formam in se receptam, - ita intellectus, qui est causa superior et causa illimitata, determinatur ad hoc obiectum concurrente causa determinata particulari, puta ad agendum circa hoc obiectum concurrente hac specie. Causa autem inferior non determinat effective causam indeterminatam superiorem, neque formaliter sicut ratio agendi, sed sic determinat, hoc est virtus superior activa indeterminata producit determinatum, tali virtute inferiore determinata concurrente.

  10. Opinio est quod intellectus est principium intellectionis quantum ad substantiam, sed obiectum est principium quantum ad modificationem seu specificationem actus. - Contra: nihili nullum est principium; intellectio, circumscripta modificatione seu specificatione, nihil est; ergo etc. Maior intelligitur de nihilo quod includit contradictionem. Minor probatur, quia prius natura intellectum praecise est aliquid 'possibile esse': sed intellectio sine hoc quod in eodem 'nunc' naturae sit alicuius obiecti, est contradictio, alioquin intellectio esset forma mere absoluta.

Articulus IV: IV. To the Initial Arguments

Quaestio III: Question 3 - Whether the More Principal Cause of Generated Knowledge is the Object Present in Itself or in the Species, or the Very Intellective Part of the Intellect

Articulus I: I. Solution of the Question

Articulus II: II. To the Initial Arguments

Quaestio IV: Question 4 - Whether there is Distinctly in the Mind an Image of the Trinity

Articulus I: I. To the Question

Section I: A. About the Image of the Trinity in Us

Section II: B. Two Doubts

Subsection I: 1. To the First Doubt

Subsection II: 2. To the Second Doubt

Subsection III: 3. Corollary

Articulus II: II. To the Initial Arguments

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