Ordinatio

John Duns Scotus

Ordinatio

John Duns Scotus (1266–1308)

John Duns Scotus's Ordinatio (also called the Opus Oxoniense) is his revised, authorially prepared commentary on Peter Lombard's Sentences. Scotus began arranging it for publication around 1300 after lecturing at Oxford and continued revising material associated with Paris until his death in 1308; the work therefore remains unfinished and textually layered. Its disputations on God, creation, individuation, freedom, grace, and the Incarnation helped establish Scotism as a major alternative within late-medieval scholastic theology. Schola uses the Vatican critical-edition tradition for the Latin and a separately sourced English translation.

This work is being completed — add a section.


Prologus I: Prologus Totius Operis

Pars I: Pars 1 - On the Necessity of Revealed Doctrine

Quaestio I: Single Question: On the Necessity of Revealed Doctrine - Whether it be necessary for man in this present state for some doctrine to be supernaturally inspired

Articulus I: 1. Controversy between Philosophers and Theologians

Section I: A. Opinion of the Philosophers

Section II: B. Rejection of the Opinion of the Philosophers

Articulus II: II. Solution of the Question

Articulus III: III. About the Three Principal Reasons against the Philosophers

Articulus IV: IV. To the Arguments of the Philosophers

Articulus V: V. To the Principal Arguments

Pars II: Pars 2 - On the Sufficiency of Revealed Doctrine

Quaestio I: Single Question: On the Sufficiency of Revealed Doctrine Whether the supernatural knowledge necessary for the wayfarer is sufficiently handed on in Sacred Scripture.

Articulus I: I. On the Truth of Sacred Scripture

Articulus II: II. Principal Response to the Question

Articulus III: III. To the Principal Arguments

Pars III: Pars 3 - On the Object of Theology

Quaestio I: Question 1: Whether theology is about God as about its first object.

Quaestio II: Question 2: Whether Theology is about God under some Special Idea

Quaestio III: Question 3: Whether Theology is about All Things from the Attribution of them to its First Subject

Articulus I: I. Preliminary Remarks

Articulus II: II. About Necessary Theology

Section I: A. To the First Question, speaking of Theology in itself

Section II: B. To the Second Question, speaking of Theology in itself

Section III: C. To the First Question, speaking of Our Theology

Articulus III: III. On Contingent Theology

Articulus IV: IV. On Christ as First Object

Articulus V: V. To the Principal Arguments of the First Question

Articulus VI: VI. To the principal Arguments of the Second Question

Articulus VII: VI. To the Third Question

Section I: A. Opinion of Others

Section II: B. Scotus’ own Response

Articulus VIII: VII. To the principal Arguments of the Third Question

Pars IV: Pars 4 - On Theology as a Science

Quaestio I: Questions 1 and 2 - Whether theology in itself is a science, and whether it is subalterning or subalternate

Articulus I: I. To the First Question

Articulus II: II. To the Second Question

Pars V: Pars 5 - On Theology insofar as it is a Practical Science

Quaestio I: Question 1 - Whether theology is a practical or a speculative science

Quaestio II: Question 2 - Whether a science is called practical per se from order to action as to its end

Articulus I: I. What Action [Praxis] is

Articulus II: II. How Practical Knowledge is Extended to Action

Articulus III: III. From what Source Knowledge has Extension to Action

Articulus IV: IV. To the Second Question

Articulus V: V. To the First Question

Section I: A. The Opinion of Others

Section II: B. Scotus’ own Opinion

Articulus VI: VI. To the Principal Arguments of the First Question.

Articulus VII: VII. To the Principal Arguments of the Second Question

Book 1

Distinctio I: First Distinction

Pars I: First Part - On the Object of Enjoyment

Quaestio I: Question 1: Whether the object of enjoyment per se is the ultimate end

Articulus I: I. To the Question

Tractatus I: II. To the Principal Arguments

Quaestio II: Question 2 - Whether the ultimate end has only the one idea of enjoyability

Articulus I: I. To the Question

Section I: A. On the Enjoyment of the Wayfarer as to its Possibility

Section II: B. On the Enjoyment of the Comprehender when Speaking of the Absolute Power of God

Section III: C. On the Enjoyment of the Comprehender when Speaking of the Power of the Creature

Section IV: D. On the Enjoyment of the Comprehender and of the Wayfarer when Speaking of the Fact

Articulus II: II. To the Arguments

Section I: A. To the Principal Arguments

Section II: B. To the Reasons for the Opposite

Pars II: Second Part - On Enjoying in Itself

Quaestio I: Question 1 - Whether enjoying is an act elicited by the will or a passion received in the will

Articulus I: I. To the Question

Articulus II: II. To the Principal Arguments

Quaestio II: Question 2 - Whether when the end has been apprehended by the intellect the will must necessarily enjoy it

Articulus I: I. To the Question

Section I: A. The Opinion of Others

Section II: B. Attack on the Opinion of Others

Section III: C. Scotus’ Own Opinion

Section IV: D. To the Arguments for the Opinion of Others

Articulus II: II. To the Principal Arguments

Pars III: On the Enjoyer

Quaestio I: Whether Enjoying Belongs to God

Quaestio II: Whether the Wayfarer Enjoys

Quaestio III: Whether the Sinner Enjoys

Quaestio IV: Whether the Brutes Enjoy

Quaestio V: Whether All Things Enjoy

Articulus I: I. To the Questions Together

Articulus II: II. To the Principal Arguments

Distinctio II: Second Distinction

Pars I: First Part - On the Existence of God and his Unity

Quaestio I: Question 1 - Whether among beings there is something existing actually infinite

Quaestio II: Question 2 - Whether something infinite is known self-evidently

Articulus I: I. To the Second Question

  1. Quia secundum Philosophum II Metaphysicae ((absurdum est simul quaerere scientiam et modum sciendi)), primo respondeo ad secundam quaestionem, quae inquirit de modo cognoscendi istam 'Deus est'. Et quantum ad solutionem suam, primo assigno rationem propositionis per se notae, et dico sic: Cum dicitur propositio per se nota, non excluditur per ly 'per se' quaecumque causa, quia non excluduntur termini propositionis; nulla enim propositio nota est exclusa notitia terminorum. Igitur propositio per se nota non est exclusiva notitiae terminorum, quia prima principia cognoscimus in quantum terminos cognoscimus, sed excluditur quaecumque causa et ratio quae est extra per se conceptum terminorum propositionis per se notae. Dicitur igitur propositio per se nota, quae per nihil aliud extra terminos proprios, qui sunt aliquid eius, habet veritatem evidentem.

  2. Ulterius, qui sunt illi termini proprii ex quibus debet esse evidens? - Dico quod quoad hoc alius terminus est definitio et alius definitum, sive accipiantur termini pro vocibus significantibus sive pro conceptibus significatis.

  3. Quod probo ex I Posteriorum, quia quod quid est sive definitio alterius extremi, est medium in demonstratione; ergo altera praemissa non differret a conclusione nisi sicut definitum differt a definitione, et tamen praemissa est principium per se notum; conclusio autem non est per se nota, sed demonstrata. Ergo quantum ad rationem propositionis per se notae, alius est conceptus definitionis a definito, quia si idem conceptus definitionis et definiti, in demonstratione potissima esset petitio principii; item, tunc essent ibi tantum duo termini, quod est falsum.

  4. Hoc probatur secundo sic, per Aristotelem I Physicorum, quod nomina sustinent ad definitionem quod totum ad partes, id est quod nomen confusum prius est notum definitione; nomen autem confuse importat quod definitio distincte, quia definitio dividit in singula; ergo conceptus quiditatis ut importatur per nomen confuse, est prius notus naturaliter quam conceptus eius ut importatur distincte per definitionem, et ita alius conceptus et aliud extremum. - Ex hoc ultra: cum propositio sit per se nota quae ex propriis terminis habet evidentem veritatem, et alii termini sunt conceptus quiditatis distincte ut importatur per definitionem, et conceptus quiditatis confuse ut importatur per nomen, sequitur quod propositio non erit per se nota de quiditate confuse accepta quae non est nota nisi per definitionem eadem distincte concipiatur.

  5. Haec etiam conclusio probatur, quia alias quaelibet propositio alia, quae est necessaria et per se primo modo (ut haec: 'homo est animal', et 'corpus', usque ad substantiam), esset per se nota; nam si ratio utriusque extremi assignatur ex rationibus extremorum distincte conceptis, apparet manifeste quod unum extremum includit alterum. Similiter, alias quaelibet propositio esset per se nota in scientiis specialibus quam metaphysicus posset habere per se notam ex definitionibus extremorum, quod non est verum, quia geometer non utitur aliquibus principiis tamquam per se notis nisi quae habent evidentem veritatem ex terminis confuse conceptis, puta concipiendo lineam confuse; evidens verum est quod linea longitudo est sine latitudine, non concipiendo adhuc distincte ad quod genus pertinet linea, sicut considerat metaphysicus. Alias autem propositiones quas metaphysicus posset concipere, puta quod linea est quanta, et huiusmodi, tales propositiones non habet geometer per se notas.

  6. Patet hoc tertio, quia bene stat demonstratio alicuius praedicati de definito cum hoc quod illud praedicatum sit per se notum de definitione.

  7. Est ergo omnis et sola propositio illa per se nota, quae ex terminis sic conceptis ut sunt eius termini, habet vel nata est habere evidentem veritatem complexionis.

  8. Ex hoc patet quod non est distinguere inter propositionem per se notam et per se noscibilem, quia idem sunt; nam propositio non dicitur per se nota quia ab aliquo intellectu per se cognoscitur (tunc enim si nullus intellectus actu cognosceret, nulla propositio esset per se nota), sed dicitur propositio per se nota quia quantum est de natura terminorum nata est habere evidentem veritatem contentam in terminis etiam in quocumque intellectu concipiente terminos. Si tamen aliquis intellectus non concipiat terminos, et ita non concipiat propositionem, non minus est per se nota quantum est de se: et sic loquimur de per se nota.

  9. Ex hoc etiam patet quod nulla est distinctio de per se nota in se et naturae et nobis, quia quaecumque est in se per se nota, cuicumque intellectui, licet non actu cognita, tamen quantum est ex terminis est evidenter vera et nota si termini concipiantur.

  10. Nec valet illa distinctio quod aliquae sunt per se notae primi ordinis, aliquae secundi, quia quaecumque propositiones sunt per se notae conceptis terminis propriis sicut sunt termini, habent evidentem veritatem in ordine suo.

  11. Ex his ad quaestionem dico quod propositio illa est per se nota quae coniungit extrema ista, esse et essentiam divinam ut haec est sive Deum et esse sibi proprium, quo modo Deus videt illam essentiam et esse sub propriissima ratione qua est in Deo hoc esse, quo modo nec esse a nobis nunc intelligitur nec essentia, sed ab ipso Deo et a beatis, quia propositio illa ex suis terminis habet evidentem veritatem intellectui, quia illa propositio non est per se secundo modo, quasi praedicatum sit extra rationem subiecti, sed per se primo modo et immediate ex terminis est evidens, quia est immediatissima, ad quam resolvuntur omnes enuntiantes aliquid de Deo quomodocumque concepto. Est igitur ista 'Deus est' sive 'haec essentia est' per se nota, quia extrema illa sunt nata facere evidentiam de ista complexione cuilibet apprehendenti perfecte extrema istius complexionis, quia esse nulli perfectius convenit quam huic essentiae. Sic igitur intelligendo per nomen Dei aliquid quod nos non perfecte cognoscimus nec concipimus ut hanc essentiam divinam, sic est per se nota 'Deus est'.

  12. Sed si quaeratur an esse insit alicui conceptui quem nos concipimus de Deo, ita quod talis propositio sit per se nota in qua enuntiatur esse de tali conceptu puta ut de propositione cuius extrema possunt a nobis concipi, puta, potest in intellectu nostro esse aliquis conceptus dictus de Deo, tamen non communis sibi et creaturae, puta necessario esse vel ens infinitum vel summum bonum, et de tali conceptu possumus praedicare esse eo modo quo a nobis concipitur, - dico quod nulla talis est per se nota, propter tria:

  13. Primo, quia quaelibet talis est conclusio demonstrabilis, et propter quid. Probatio: quidquid primo et immediate convenit alicui, de quolibet quod est in eo potest demonstrari propter quid per illud cui primo convenit tamquam per medium. Exemplum: si triangulus primo habeat tres angulos, aequales duobus rectis, de quolibet contento in triangulo potest demonstrari quod habeat tres angulos demonstratione propter quid per medium quod est triangulus, puta quod aliqua figura haberet tres, etc., de qualibet etiam specie trianguli quod habeat tres, licet non primo. Esse autem primo convenit huic essentiae ut haec quomodo videtur essentia divina a beatis; ergo de quolibet quod est in hac essentia quod potest a nobis concipi, sive sit quasi superius sive quasi passio, potest demonstrari esse per hanc essentiam sicut per medium demonstratione propter quid, sicut per hanc 'triangulus habet tres' demonstratur quod aliqua figura habet tres; et per consequens non est nota per se ex terminis, quia tunc non demonstraretur propter quid.

  14. Secundo sic: propositio per se nota, cuilibet intellectui ex terminis cognitis est per se nota. Sed haec propositio 'ens infinitum est' non est evidens intellectui nostro ex terminis; probo: terminos enim non concipimus antequam eam credamus vel per demonstrationem sciamus, et in illo priori non est nobis evidens; non enim certitudinaliter eam tenemus ex terminis, nisi per fidem vel demonstrationem.

  15. Tertio, quia nihil est per se notum de conceptu non simpliciter simplici nisi sit per se notum partes illius conceptus uniri; nullus autem conceptus quem habemus de Deo proprius sibi et non conveniens creaturae est simpliciter simplex, vel saltem nullus quem nos distincte percipimus esse proprium Deo est simpliciter simplex; ergo nihil est per se notum de tali conceptu nisi per se notum sit partes illius conceptus uniri: sed hoc non est per se notum, quia unio istarum partium demonstratur, per duas rationes.

  16. Maior est manifesta per Philosophum V Metaphysicae cap. De falso, quia ratio in se falsa, est de omni falsa; ergo nulla ratio est de aliquo vera nisi sit in se vera. Ergo ad hoc quod cognoscatur aliquod esse verum de aliqua ratione, vel ipsam esse veram de aliquo, oportet cognoscere ipsam in se esse veram; non est autem ratio in se vera nisi partes illius rationis sint unitae. Et sicut oportet scire quantum ad praedicationes quiditativas quod partes rationis possint uniri quiditative, puta quod altera contineat alteram formaliter, ita quantum ad veritatem propositionis enuntiantis esse oportet cognoscere partes rationis subiecti vel praedicati uniri actualiter. Exemplum: quemadmodum illa 'homo irrationalis est animal' non est per se nota loquendo de praedicatione quiditativa, quia subiectum in se includit falsum, quia propositionem in se includentem contradictoria, ita ista 'homo albus est' non est per se nota si non sit per se notum hominem et album per se coniungi actu; quia si non coniungantur in actuali exsistentia, haec est vera 'nihil est homo albus', et per consequens sua conversa vera 'nullus homo albus est'; ergo sua contradictoria falsa 'homo albus est'.

  17. Probatio minoris: quemcumque conceptum concipimus sive boni sive veri, si non contrahatur per aliquid ut non sit conceptus simpliciter simplex, non est proprius conceptus Deo. Voco autem conceptum simpliciter simplicem qui non est resolubilis in alios conceptus simplices quorum quilibet possit actu simplici distincte cognosci.

  18. Ex ista ratione ultima patet ad istas instantias, cum arguitur 'haec est per se nota, necesse esse est' - probatio, quia oppositum praedicati repugnat subiecto; si enim non est, non est 'necesse esse', - 'haec etiam est per se nota, Deus est', quia secundum omnem expositionem quam ponit Damascenus cap. 9 dicitur 'Deus' ab operatione actuali, scilicet a fovere vel ardere vel videre, ergo secundum omnem acceptionem idem est 'Deus est' sicut 'operans actu est', quae videtur per se nota, quia ut prius oppositum praedicati repugnat subiecto.

  19. Ideo aliter respondeo ad istas, quod nulla istarum propositionum est per se nota, 'necesse esse est' vel 'operans actu est', quia non est per se notum partes quae sunt in subiecto uniri actualiter. Cum dicit 'oppositum praedicati repugnat subiecto', dico quod non sequitur ex hoc propositionem esse per se notam nisi ista repugnantia sit evidens, et cum hoc etiam sit evidens utrumque extremum habere conceptum simpliciter simplicem vel quod conceptus partium simpliciter uniantur.

Articulus II: II. To the Principal Arguments of the Second Question

Articulus III: III. To the First Question

Section I: A. The Existence of the Relative Properties of an Infinite Being is Made Clear

Section II: B. The Existence of an Infinite Being is Made Clear

Subsection I: 1. Conclusions preliminary to infinity are proposed and demonstrated

Subsection II: 2. The infinity of God is proved directly

Articulus IV: IV. To the Principal Arguments of the First Question

Quaestio III: Question 3 - Whether there is only one God

Articulus I: I. To the Question

Tractatus I: II. To the Arguments

Section I: A. To the Arguments for the Other Opinion

Section II: B. To the Principal Arguments

Pars II: Second Part - On the Persons and Productions in God

Quaestio I: Question 1 - Whether there can be along with the unity of the divine essence a plurality of persons

Quaestio II: Question 2 - Whether there are only three persons in the divine essence

Quaestio III: Question 3 - Whether being Produced can Stand in Something along with the Divine Essence

Quaestio IV: Question 4 - Whether in the Divine Essence there are only Two Intrinsic Productions

Articulus I: I. To the Third Question

Section I: A. Scotus’ own Proofs

Section II: B. Proofs of Others

Articulus II: II. To the Principal Arguments of the Third Question

Articulus III: III. To the Fourth Question

Section I: A. The Opinion of Henry of Ghent is Expounded

Section II: B. The Opinion of Henry of Ghent is Rejected

Section III: C. Scotus’ Own Opinion

Section IV: D. Instances against the Solution

Articulus IV: IV. To the Principal Arguments of the Fourth Question

Articulus V: V. To the Second Question

Tractatus I: A. About the Produced Persons in Divine Reality

Section I: B. About the Sole Non-produced Person in Divine Reality

Articulus VI: VI. To the Principal Arguments of the Second Question

Articulus VII: VII. To the First Question

Section I: A. Declaration of Scotus’ Own Solution

Section II: B. On Formal Distinction or Non-Identity

Articulus VIII: VIII. To the Principal Arguments of the First Question

Distinctio III: Third Distinction

Pars I: First Part - About the Knowability of God

Quaestio I: Question 1 - Whether God is Naturally Knowable by the Intellect of the Wayfarer

Tractatus I: Question 2 - Whether God is the First Thing Naturally Known by Us in this State of Life

Articulus I: I. Clarification of the First Question

Articulus II: II. Opinion of Others as to Each Question

Articulus III: III. Scotus’ own Response to the First Question

Section I: A. A Quidditative Concept can be Had of God

Section II: B. About a Concept Univocal to God and Creatures

Section III: C. God Cannot be Known under his Proper Idea

Section IV: D. About the Concept of Infinite Being

Section V: E. God is Known through the Species of Creatures

Articulus IV: IV. To the Arguments of the First Question

Articulus V: V. Scotus’ own Response to the Second Question

Section I: A. About the Order of Origin of Intelligibles

Section II: B. About the Order of Perfection and Adequacy in Intelligibles

Articulus VI: VI. To the Arguments for the Second Question

Quaestio II: Question 3 - Whether God is the Natural First Object that is Adequate Relative to the Intellect of the Wayfarer

Quaestio III: Question 4 - Whether any Certain and Sincere Truth could Naturally be Known by the Intellect of the Wayfarer without a Special Illumining of Uncreated Light

Articulus I: I. Opinion of Henry

Articulus II: II. Attack on Henry’s Opinion and Solution of the Question

Section I: A. Against the Fundamental Reasons Adduced

Section II: B. Against the Opinion in Itself

Section III: C. Against the Fundamental Reasons insofar as they are Less Probative

Section IV: D. Against the Conclusion itself of the Opinion

Section V: E. Solution of the Question

Section VI: F. Once More Against the Fundamental Reasons Adduced

Articulus I: I. Opinion of Others

Section I: A. First Opinion

Section II: B. Second Opinion

Articulus II: II. To the Question

Section I: A. Of What Sort the Univocity of Being is and to What Things it Extends.

Section II: B. About the First Object of the Intellect

Section III: C. Arguments against the Univocity of Being and their Solution

Articulus III: III. About Other Transcendentals

Articulus IV: IV. Doubt about the First Object of the Intellect for this Present State

Articulus V: V. To the Initial Arguments

Pars II: Second Part - About the Vestige/Footprint

Quaestio I: Single Question - Whether in Every Creature there is a Vestige of the Trinity

Articulus I: I. To the Question

Section I: A. On the Idea of Footprint/Vestige

Subsection I: 1. Opinion of Others

Subsection II: 2. Against this Opinion

Subsection III: 3. Scotus’ own Opinion

Section II: B. About Ratification and Somesort-ness

Subsection I: 1. Opinion of Others

Subsection II: 2. Rejection of the Opinion

Sub-subsection I: a. A First Rejection of the Opinion

Sub-subsection II: b. Another Rejection of the Opinion

Subsection III: 3. Scotus’ own Opinion

Subsection IV: 4. To the Reasons for the Rejected Opinion

Section III: -

Articulus II: II. To the Initial Arguments

Pars III: Third Part - About the Image

Quaestio I: Question 1 - Whether in the Intellective Part Properly Taken there is a Memory that has an Intelligible Species Naturally Prior to the Act of Understanding

Articulus I: I. To the Question

Section I: A. The Opinion of Others

Section II: B. Scotus’ Response and his own Opinion

Subsection I: 1. Reasons on the Part of the Universality of the Object

Subsection II: 2. Reasons on the Part of the Presence of the Object

Subsection III: 3. Scotus’ Concluding Opinion

Subsection IV: 4. To the Reasons from the Authorities

Section III: -

Articulus II: II. To the Initial Arguments

Articulus III: III. To the Arguments for the Opinion of Others

Quaestio II: Question 2 - Whether the Intellective Part Properly Taken or Something of it is the Total Cause Generating Actual Knowledge or is the Idea of Generating

Articulus I: I. Six Opinions of Others are Expounded and Rejected

Section I: A. About the First Opinion

Subsection I: 1. Exposition of the Opinion

Section I: 2. Rejection of the Opinion

Section II: B. About the Second Opinion

Subsection I: 1. Exposition of the opinion

Subsection II: 2. Rejection of the Opinion

Section III: C. About the Third and Fourth Opinion

Subsection I: 1. Exposition of the Opinions

Subsection II: 2. Rejection of the Opinions

Section IV: D. About the Fifth and Sixth Opinion

Subsection I: 1. Exposition of the Opinions

Subsection II: 2. Rejection of the Opinions

Subsection III: 3. Rejection of the Sixth Opinion Specifically

Articulus II: II. Scotus’ own Opinion

Articulus III: III. To the Arguments for the Opinions

Section I: A. To the Arguments for the First Opinion

Section II: B. To the Arguments for the Second Opinion

Section III: C. To the Things Said in the Third and Fourth Opinion

Section IV: D. To the Arguments of the Fifth Opinion

Articulus IV: IV. To the Initial Arguments

Quaestio III: Question 3 - Whether the More Principal Cause of Generated Knowledge is the Object Present in Itself or in the Species, or the Very Intellective Part of the Intellect

Articulus I: I. Solution of the Question

Articulus II: II. To the Initial Arguments

Quaestio IV: Question 4 - Whether there is Distinctly in the Mind an Image of the Trinity

Articulus I: I. To the Question

Section I: A. About the Image of the Trinity in Us

Section II: B. Two Doubts

Subsection I: 1. To the First Doubt

Subsection II: 2. To the Second Doubt

Subsection III: 3. Corollary

Articulus II: II. To the Initial Arguments

↑ Top of work