Ordinatio

John Duns Scotus

Ordinatio

John Duns Scotus (1266–1308)

John Duns Scotus's Ordinatio (also called the Opus Oxoniense) is his revised, authorially prepared commentary on Peter Lombard's Sentences. Scotus began arranging it for publication around 1300 after lecturing at Oxford and continued revising material associated with Paris until his death in 1308; the work therefore remains unfinished and textually layered. Its disputations on God, creation, individuation, freedom, grace, and the Incarnation helped establish Scotism as a major alternative within late-medieval scholastic theology. Schola uses the Vatican critical-edition tradition for the Latin and a separately sourced English translation.

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Prologus I: Prologus Totius Operis

Pars I: Pars 1 - On the Necessity of Revealed Doctrine

Quaestio I: Single Question: On the Necessity of Revealed Doctrine - Whether it be necessary for man in this present state for some doctrine to be supernaturally inspired

Articulus I: 1. Controversy between Philosophers and Theologians

Section I: A. Opinion of the Philosophers

Section II: B. Rejection of the Opinion of the Philosophers

Articulus II: II. Solution of the Question

Articulus III: III. About the Three Principal Reasons against the Philosophers

Articulus IV: IV. To the Arguments of the Philosophers

Articulus V: V. To the Principal Arguments

Pars II: Pars 2 - On the Sufficiency of Revealed Doctrine

Quaestio I: Single Question: On the Sufficiency of Revealed Doctrine Whether the supernatural knowledge necessary for the wayfarer is sufficiently handed on in Sacred Scripture.

Articulus I: I. On the Truth of Sacred Scripture

Articulus II: II. Principal Response to the Question

Articulus III: III. To the Principal Arguments

Pars III: Pars 3 - On the Object of Theology

Quaestio I: Question 1: Whether theology is about God as about its first object.

Quaestio II: Question 2: Whether Theology is about God under some Special Idea

Quaestio III: Question 3: Whether Theology is about All Things from the Attribution of them to its First Subject

Articulus I: I. Preliminary Remarks

Articulus II: II. About Necessary Theology

Section I: A. To the First Question, speaking of Theology in itself

Section II: B. To the Second Question, speaking of Theology in itself

Section III: C. To the First Question, speaking of Our Theology

Articulus III: III. On Contingent Theology

Articulus IV: IV. On Christ as First Object

Articulus V: V. To the Principal Arguments of the First Question

Articulus VI: VI. To the principal Arguments of the Second Question

Articulus VII: VI. To the Third Question

Section I: A. Opinion of Others

Section II: B. Scotus’ own Response

Articulus VIII: VII. To the principal Arguments of the Third Question

Pars IV: Pars 4 - On Theology as a Science

Quaestio I: Questions 1 and 2 - Whether theology in itself is a science, and whether it is subalterning or subalternate

Articulus I: I. To the First Question

Articulus II: II. To the Second Question

Pars V: Pars 5 - On Theology insofar as it is a Practical Science

Quaestio I: Question 1 - Whether theology is a practical or a speculative science

Quaestio II: Question 2 - Whether a science is called practical per se from order to action as to its end

Articulus I: I. What Action [Praxis] is

Articulus II: II. How Practical Knowledge is Extended to Action

Articulus III: III. From what Source Knowledge has Extension to Action

Articulus IV: IV. To the Second Question

Articulus V: V. To the First Question

Section I: A. The Opinion of Others

Section II: B. Scotus’ own Opinion

Articulus VI: VI. To the Principal Arguments of the First Question.

Articulus VII: VII. To the Principal Arguments of the Second Question

  1. Ad argumenta secundae quaestionis. Ad auctoritatem Philosophi III De anima dico quod loquitur ibi de fine ut cognito; nam intellectus propter aliquid ratiocinans ratiocinatur propter finem cognitum et ut est principium demonstrationis.

  2. Ad secundam auctoritatem de I Metaphysicae dico quod practica non est gratia usus ut per se finis; tamen aliquam habitudinem habet ad usum, sic quod usus est per se obiectum eius, vel aliquid virtualiter includens usum, quale non posuit Philosophus esse aliquod ens nisi ens ad finem; et omne tale obiectum est ignobilius obiecto speculabili; et ideo talis ordo ad praxim concludit ignobilitatem practicae respectu speculativae.

  3. Ad tertium de II Metaphysicae dico quod speculativa et practica habent diversos fines loquendo de per se finibus intra genus cognitionis, sed illi fines non primo distinguunt, sed prior distinctio est ab obiectis, sicut prius dictum est.

359.Ad rationes pro positione opposita cum arguitur contra distinctionem per obiecta: Ad primam dico quod non potest esse circa idem obiectum habitus speculativus et habitus practicus. - Cum autem probatur oppositum per illud Philosophi in De anima ((intellectus extensione fit practicus)), dico quod Philosophus hoc non dicit, scilicet quod intellectus speculativus extensione fit practicus; sed Aristoteles ponens tres gradus intellectus, quorum primus est considerare speculabilia tantum, secundus considerare agibilia, non dictando prosequi vel fugere, dicit quod ((amplius extendendo se vult prosequi vel fugere)), ita quod ista extensio est intellectus imperfecte practici ad considerationem perfecte practicam, puta ab apprehensione terribilium ad dictamen completum de eis, praecipiendo fugam vel prosecutionem. Concesso tamen quod intellectus speculativus fiat practicus, non est ad propositum, quia 'speculativum' et 'practicum' sunt differentiae accidentales intellectus, licet sint essentiales habituum et actuum, et ideo habitus et actus non extenduntur.

  1. Ad aliud de medicina dicit quidam quod habitus universalis est speculativus, sed quando ex ea acquiritur habitus particularis, tunc fit practicus. - Contra: tunc ex principiis speculativis sequeretur conclusio practica, quod est inconveniens.

  2. Ideo aliter dicendum est quod quando sunt aliqua extrema opposita, quanto aliquid recedit ab uno oppositorum, tanto magis accedit ad aliud; actualissimam rationem practici habet consideratio, quae nata est immediate esse conformis formaliter praxi eliciendae; ergo quanto aliquid magis recedit ab isto, tanto magis accedit ad specuiativum: habitus ergo universalis, qui non est natus esse immediate conformis praxi, potest dici aliquo modo speculativus respectu alicuius habitus qui immediate natus est esse conformis praxi eliciendae. Ita posset ars poni habitus speculativus respectu habitus experti, quia ars, tamquam universalior habitus, non ita immediate est directiva, sicut apparet in I Metaphysicae, ((artifex frequenter errabit, expertus non errabit)). Ita potest distingui medicina in speculativam, quae scilicet est de universalibus causis et curis, quae cognitio est remotior a praxi elicienda, et in practicam, quae est de particularibus et propinquioribus praxi et immediatius conformibus praxi eliciendae. Tamen secundum veritatem illa cognitio universalior, quae comparative dicitur speculativa, est simpliciter et verissime practica, quia virtualiter includit illam particularem formaliter conformem praxi.

  3. Ad aliud de bonitate et malitia dico quod non omnis actus bonus est primo bonus a circumstantia finis ut finis, immo est aliquis actus bonus a circumstantia obiecti, puta ubi finis est obiectum, et ibi circumstantia finis ut obiecti primo tribuit rectitudinem actui; ille enim actus est ex obiecto solo simpliciter bonus, ut 'amare Deum' sine aliis circumstantiis est simpliciter bonum. Falsum est ergo quod a fine ut finis distinguitur contra obiectum accipitur prima bonitas actus moralis, immo secundo illud est falsum, quia actus circa ens ad finem licet habeat pro prima circumstantia finem, tamen ab obiecto est aliqua bonitas prior, a qua dicitur actus bonus ex genere; tertia responsio est, directe ad propositum, quia etsi circumstantia formaliter circumstet praxim ut sit bona, non tamen formaliter circumstat intellectionem practicam: non enim intellectus moderate sive medio modo dictat actum, ita quod dictare circumstantionetur hac circumstantia mediocriter, sed intellectus dictat secundum ultimum potentiae suae; est autem illud 'dictare' rectum, a principio, et principium sumitur a primo obiecto.

  4. Contra illud, quod non sit distinctio per obiecta. Probatio, quia omne formaliter tale, est tale per aliquid sibi intrinsecum, igitur si habitus sit formaliter practicus, hoc est per aliquid sibi intrinsecum; sed hoc non est obiectum; ergo etc. Exemplum: sol non est formaliter calidus, licet sit calidus virtualiter.

  5. Praeterea, obiectum non est distinctivum habitus nisi ut causa efficiens; causae efficientes non distinguunt effectum specie, quia a causis diversis specie potest esse idem effectus specie, sicut calidum idem specie generatur aequivoce et univoce ab igne et a sole.

  6. Ad primum dico quod esse practicum dicit intrinsecum notitiae sicut respectus aptitudinalis dicit intrinsecum fundamento, et quod notitia aliqua sit apta nata referri, hoc est per naturam intrinsecam notitiae, quam naturam habet ab obiecto ut a causa extrinseca. Dico tunc quod habitus est practicus per intrinsecum ut per causam formalem, sed per obiectum, quod est extrinsecum, ut per causam efficientem.

  7. Ad secundum dico quod licet a causis essentialiter ordinatis quarum una est univoca, altera aequivoca, possit ab utraque causante esse effectus unius rationis, sicut exemplificatur de calore, quando tamen causae efficientes proximae eiusdem ordinis ad effectus causant aliqua in quantum ipsae causae sunt distinctae, maxime si utraque sit univoca effectui sive univocatione completa sive univocatione diminuta, non potest a causis talibus distinctis esse effectus unius rationis. Univocationem completam dico quando est similitudo in forma et modo essendi formae; diminutam dico quando est similitudo in forma licet habeat alium modum essendi, quo modo domus extra est a domo in mente artificis (unde generationem istam vocat Philosophus 'aliqualiter' univocam, VII Metaphysicae). Quia ergo obiectum est causa proxima respectu notitiae et univoca, licet diminute, sequitur quod distinctio formalis obiectorum, cum causent notitias in quantum ipsa sunt distincta, necessario concludat distinctionem formalem notitiarum.

Book 1

Distinctio I: First Distinction

Pars I: First Part - On the Object of Enjoyment

Quaestio I: Question 1: Whether the object of enjoyment per se is the ultimate end

Articulus I: I. To the Question

Tractatus I: II. To the Principal Arguments

Quaestio II: Question 2 - Whether the ultimate end has only the one idea of enjoyability

Articulus I: I. To the Question

Section I: A. On the Enjoyment of the Wayfarer as to its Possibility

Section II: B. On the Enjoyment of the Comprehender when Speaking of the Absolute Power of God

Section III: C. On the Enjoyment of the Comprehender when Speaking of the Power of the Creature

Section IV: D. On the Enjoyment of the Comprehender and of the Wayfarer when Speaking of the Fact

Articulus II: II. To the Arguments

Section I: A. To the Principal Arguments

Section II: B. To the Reasons for the Opposite

Pars II: Second Part - On Enjoying in Itself

Quaestio I: Question 1 - Whether enjoying is an act elicited by the will or a passion received in the will

Articulus I: I. To the Question

Articulus II: II. To the Principal Arguments

Quaestio II: Question 2 - Whether when the end has been apprehended by the intellect the will must necessarily enjoy it

Articulus I: I. To the Question

Section I: A. The Opinion of Others

Section II: B. Attack on the Opinion of Others

Section III: C. Scotus’ Own Opinion

Section IV: D. To the Arguments for the Opinion of Others

Articulus II: II. To the Principal Arguments

Pars III: On the Enjoyer

Quaestio I: Whether Enjoying Belongs to God

Quaestio II: Whether the Wayfarer Enjoys

Quaestio III: Whether the Sinner Enjoys

Quaestio IV: Whether the Brutes Enjoy

Quaestio V: Whether All Things Enjoy

Articulus I: I. To the Questions Together

Articulus II: II. To the Principal Arguments

Distinctio II: Second Distinction

Pars I: First Part - On the Existence of God and his Unity

Quaestio I: Question 1 - Whether among beings there is something existing actually infinite

Quaestio II: Question 2 - Whether something infinite is known self-evidently

Articulus I: I. To the Second Question

Articulus II: II. To the Principal Arguments of the Second Question

Articulus III: III. To the First Question

Section I: A. The Existence of the Relative Properties of an Infinite Being is Made Clear

Section II: B. The Existence of an Infinite Being is Made Clear

Subsection I: 1. Conclusions preliminary to infinity are proposed and demonstrated

Subsection II: 2. The infinity of God is proved directly

Articulus IV: IV. To the Principal Arguments of the First Question

Quaestio III: Question 3 - Whether there is only one God

Articulus I: I. To the Question

Tractatus I: II. To the Arguments

Section I: A. To the Arguments for the Other Opinion

Section II: B. To the Principal Arguments

Pars II: Second Part - On the Persons and Productions in God

Quaestio I: Question 1 - Whether there can be along with the unity of the divine essence a plurality of persons

Quaestio II: Question 2 - Whether there are only three persons in the divine essence

Quaestio III: Question 3 - Whether being Produced can Stand in Something along with the Divine Essence

Quaestio IV: Question 4 - Whether in the Divine Essence there are only Two Intrinsic Productions

Articulus I: I. To the Third Question

Section I: A. Scotus’ own Proofs

Section II: B. Proofs of Others

Articulus II: II. To the Principal Arguments of the Third Question

Articulus III: III. To the Fourth Question

Section I: A. The Opinion of Henry of Ghent is Expounded

Section II: B. The Opinion of Henry of Ghent is Rejected

Section III: C. Scotus’ Own Opinion

Section IV: D. Instances against the Solution

Articulus IV: IV. To the Principal Arguments of the Fourth Question

Articulus V: V. To the Second Question

Tractatus I: A. About the Produced Persons in Divine Reality

Section I: B. About the Sole Non-produced Person in Divine Reality

Articulus VI: VI. To the Principal Arguments of the Second Question

Articulus VII: VII. To the First Question

Section I: A. Declaration of Scotus’ Own Solution

Section II: B. On Formal Distinction or Non-Identity

Articulus VIII: VIII. To the Principal Arguments of the First Question

Distinctio III: Third Distinction

Pars I: First Part - About the Knowability of God

Quaestio I: Question 1 - Whether God is Naturally Knowable by the Intellect of the Wayfarer

Tractatus I: Question 2 - Whether God is the First Thing Naturally Known by Us in this State of Life

Articulus I: I. Clarification of the First Question

Articulus II: II. Opinion of Others as to Each Question

Articulus III: III. Scotus’ own Response to the First Question

Section I: A. A Quidditative Concept can be Had of God

Section II: B. About a Concept Univocal to God and Creatures

Section III: C. God Cannot be Known under his Proper Idea

Section IV: D. About the Concept of Infinite Being

Section V: E. God is Known through the Species of Creatures

Articulus IV: IV. To the Arguments of the First Question

Articulus V: V. Scotus’ own Response to the Second Question

Section I: A. About the Order of Origin of Intelligibles

Section II: B. About the Order of Perfection and Adequacy in Intelligibles

Articulus VI: VI. To the Arguments for the Second Question

Quaestio II: Question 3 - Whether God is the Natural First Object that is Adequate Relative to the Intellect of the Wayfarer

Quaestio III: Question 4 - Whether any Certain and Sincere Truth could Naturally be Known by the Intellect of the Wayfarer without a Special Illumining of Uncreated Light

Articulus I: I. Opinion of Henry

Articulus II: II. Attack on Henry’s Opinion and Solution of the Question

Section I: A. Against the Fundamental Reasons Adduced

Section II: B. Against the Opinion in Itself

Section III: C. Against the Fundamental Reasons insofar as they are Less Probative

Section IV: D. Against the Conclusion itself of the Opinion

Section V: E. Solution of the Question

Section VI: F. Once More Against the Fundamental Reasons Adduced

Articulus I: I. Opinion of Others

Section I: A. First Opinion

Section II: B. Second Opinion

Articulus II: II. To the Question

Section I: A. Of What Sort the Univocity of Being is and to What Things it Extends.

Section II: B. About the First Object of the Intellect

Section III: C. Arguments against the Univocity of Being and their Solution

Articulus III: III. About Other Transcendentals

Articulus IV: IV. Doubt about the First Object of the Intellect for this Present State

Articulus V: V. To the Initial Arguments

Pars II: Second Part - About the Vestige/Footprint

Quaestio I: Single Question - Whether in Every Creature there is a Vestige of the Trinity

Articulus I: I. To the Question

Section I: A. On the Idea of Footprint/Vestige

Subsection I: 1. Opinion of Others

Subsection II: 2. Against this Opinion

Subsection III: 3. Scotus’ own Opinion

Section II: B. About Ratification and Somesort-ness

Subsection I: 1. Opinion of Others

Subsection II: 2. Rejection of the Opinion

Sub-subsection I: a. A First Rejection of the Opinion

Sub-subsection II: b. Another Rejection of the Opinion

Subsection III: 3. Scotus’ own Opinion

Subsection IV: 4. To the Reasons for the Rejected Opinion

Section III: -

Articulus II: II. To the Initial Arguments

Pars III: Third Part - About the Image

Quaestio I: Question 1 - Whether in the Intellective Part Properly Taken there is a Memory that has an Intelligible Species Naturally Prior to the Act of Understanding

Articulus I: I. To the Question

Section I: A. The Opinion of Others

Section II: B. Scotus’ Response and his own Opinion

Subsection I: 1. Reasons on the Part of the Universality of the Object

Subsection II: 2. Reasons on the Part of the Presence of the Object

Subsection III: 3. Scotus’ Concluding Opinion

Subsection IV: 4. To the Reasons from the Authorities

Section III: -

Articulus II: II. To the Initial Arguments

Articulus III: III. To the Arguments for the Opinion of Others

Quaestio II: Question 2 - Whether the Intellective Part Properly Taken or Something of it is the Total Cause Generating Actual Knowledge or is the Idea of Generating

Articulus I: I. Six Opinions of Others are Expounded and Rejected

Section I: A. About the First Opinion

Subsection I: 1. Exposition of the Opinion

Section I: 2. Rejection of the Opinion

Section II: B. About the Second Opinion

Subsection I: 1. Exposition of the opinion

Subsection II: 2. Rejection of the Opinion

Section III: C. About the Third and Fourth Opinion

Subsection I: 1. Exposition of the Opinions

Subsection II: 2. Rejection of the Opinions

Section IV: D. About the Fifth and Sixth Opinion

Subsection I: 1. Exposition of the Opinions

Subsection II: 2. Rejection of the Opinions

Subsection III: 3. Rejection of the Sixth Opinion Specifically

Articulus II: II. Scotus’ own Opinion

Articulus III: III. To the Arguments for the Opinions

Section I: A. To the Arguments for the First Opinion

Section II: B. To the Arguments for the Second Opinion

Section III: C. To the Things Said in the Third and Fourth Opinion

Section IV: D. To the Arguments of the Fifth Opinion

Articulus IV: IV. To the Initial Arguments

Quaestio III: Question 3 - Whether the More Principal Cause of Generated Knowledge is the Object Present in Itself or in the Species, or the Very Intellective Part of the Intellect

Articulus I: I. Solution of the Question

Articulus II: II. To the Initial Arguments

Quaestio IV: Question 4 - Whether there is Distinctly in the Mind an Image of the Trinity

Articulus I: I. To the Question

Section I: A. About the Image of the Trinity in Us

Section II: B. Two Doubts

Subsection I: 1. To the First Doubt

Subsection II: 2. To the Second Doubt

Subsection III: 3. Corollary

Articulus II: II. To the Initial Arguments

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