Ordinatio

John Duns Scotus

Ordinatio

John Duns Scotus (1266–1308)

John Duns Scotus's Ordinatio (also called the Opus Oxoniense) is his revised, authorially prepared commentary on Peter Lombard's Sentences. Scotus began arranging it for publication around 1300 after lecturing at Oxford and continued revising material associated with Paris until his death in 1308; the work therefore remains unfinished and textually layered. Its disputations on God, creation, individuation, freedom, grace, and the Incarnation helped establish Scotism as a major alternative within late-medieval scholastic theology. Schola uses the Vatican critical-edition tradition for the Latin and a separately sourced English translation.

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Prologus I: Prologus Totius Operis

Pars I: Pars 1 - On the Necessity of Revealed Doctrine

Quaestio I: Single Question: On the Necessity of Revealed Doctrine - Whether it be necessary for man in this present state for some doctrine to be supernaturally inspired

Articulus I: 1. Controversy between Philosophers and Theologians

Section I: A. Opinion of the Philosophers

Section II: B. Rejection of the Opinion of the Philosophers

Articulus II: II. Solution of the Question

Articulus III: III. About the Three Principal Reasons against the Philosophers

Articulus IV: IV. To the Arguments of the Philosophers

Articulus V: V. To the Principal Arguments

Pars II: Pars 2 - On the Sufficiency of Revealed Doctrine

Quaestio I: Single Question: On the Sufficiency of Revealed Doctrine Whether the supernatural knowledge necessary for the wayfarer is sufficiently handed on in Sacred Scripture.

Articulus I: I. On the Truth of Sacred Scripture

Articulus II: II. Principal Response to the Question

Articulus III: III. To the Principal Arguments

Pars III: Pars 3 - On the Object of Theology

Quaestio I: Question 1: Whether theology is about God as about its first object.

Quaestio II: Question 2: Whether Theology is about God under some Special Idea

Quaestio III: Question 3: Whether Theology is about All Things from the Attribution of them to its First Subject

Articulus I: I. Preliminary Remarks

Articulus II: II. About Necessary Theology

Section I: A. To the First Question, speaking of Theology in itself

Section II: B. To the Second Question, speaking of Theology in itself

Section III: C. To the First Question, speaking of Our Theology

Articulus III: III. On Contingent Theology

Articulus IV: IV. On Christ as First Object

Articulus V: V. To the Principal Arguments of the First Question

Articulus VI: VI. To the principal Arguments of the Second Question

Articulus VII: VI. To the Third Question

Section I: A. Opinion of Others

Section II: B. Scotus’ own Response

Articulus VIII: VII. To the principal Arguments of the Third Question

Pars IV: Pars 4 - On Theology as a Science

Quaestio I: Questions 1 and 2 - Whether theology in itself is a science, and whether it is subalterning or subalternate

Articulus I: I. To the First Question

Articulus II: II. To the Second Question

Pars V: Pars 5 - On Theology insofar as it is a Practical Science

Quaestio I: Question 1 - Whether theology is a practical or a speculative science

Quaestio II: Question 2 - Whether a science is called practical per se from order to action as to its end

Articulus I: I. What Action [Praxis] is

  1. Dico igitur primo quod praxis ad quam cognitio practica extenditur est actus alterius potentiae quam intellectus, naturaliter posterior intellectione, natus elici conformiter intellectioni rectae ad hoc ut sit rectus. Prima condicio apparet, quia stando praecise in actibus intellectus nulla est extensio intellectus, quia non extra se tendit nisi ut actus eius respicit actum alterius potentiae. Et si dicas unum actum intellectus extendi ad alium, directum per illum, non propter hoc secundus est praxis, ut modo loquimur, nec primus cognitio practica, quia tunc logica esset practica, quia dirigit in actibus discurrendi.

  2. Secunda condicio patet, quia actus non habentes ordinem ad intellectum, cuiusmodi sunt actus vegetativi, ac naturaliter praecedentes intellectum. ut actus sensitivi. non dicuntur praxes, nec ad eos extendi notitia practica ut sunt priores intellectione. Similiter actus potentiae appetitus sensitivi quatenus praecedit actum intellectus non est praxis; hoc enim modo communis est nobis et brutis. Nec respectu istorum actuum est aliqua cognitio practica, nisi quia aliquo modo est moderativa istorum actuum et isti actus sequuntur intellectionem moderativam ut sunt per ipsam moderati.

  3. Ex his duabus condicionibus sequitur corollarium, quod videlicet praxis ad quam extenditur habitus practicus non est nisi actus voluntatis elicitus vel imperatus, nam nullus alius actus ab intellectione vel praeter intellectionem essentialiter posterior est intellectione, quia quicumque alius detur actus eiusdem rationis cum ipso, posset esse prior, sicut patet discurrendo per actus potentiarum omnium.

  4. Hoc patet secundo sic, quia praxis est actus qui est in potestate cognoscentis. Quod probatur ex VI Ethicorum, quia artifex eget virtute ad recte agendum; non autem indiget virtute respectu illius quod non est in potestate sua; igitur artifex in potestate sua habet factionem: multo magis prudens habet in potestate sua actionem, quia est formaliter virtuosus. Ex hoc ultra: si omnis praxis est in potestate cognoscentis et nihil est in potestate voluntatis nisi vel actus elicitus vel imperatus, sequitur propositum ut prius.

  5. Contra istam condicionem videtur sequi quod tunc aliqua intellectio erit praxis, quia aliqua potest esse actus imperatus voluntatis sicut actus alterius potentiae imperatur ab ipsa. Et tunc ultra: ergo prima condicio est falsa, quod scilicet praxis est operatio alterius potentiae ab intellectu. - Respondeo: licet speculatio sit quaedam operatio et ita praxis, extendendo nomen, tamen ut praxis dicitur sola operatio ad quam intellectus potest extendi, nulla intellectio est praxis; et hoc modo accipitur praxis quando ad praxim dicitur cognitio practica extendi. Cum ergo arguitur 'intellectio est imperata a voluntate, ergo est praxis', non sequitur, sed sequitur: 'ergo est praxis vel practica'; ipsa enim nata est denominari quasi accidentaliter a praxi ad quam est extensibilis, non autem potest esse terminus talis extensionis. Tamen e converso bene concedo, quod omnis praxis est actus elicitus voluntatis vel imperatus. Unde ex ista secunda condicione inferre oppositum primae, est facere fallaciam consequentis ponendo consequens.

  6. Tertia condicio probatur. Tum ex dicto Philosophi VI Ethicorum, quod electio recta necessario requirit rationem rectam. Quod non tantum est verum de electione stricte sumpta, sed pari ratione de quacumque volitione recta, quod ipsa requirit rationem rectam cui conformiter eliciatur; omnis autem praxis vel est volitio vel sequens volitionem, ex corollario praecedente; ergo omnis praxis ad hoc ut sit recta nata est conformiter elici rationi rectae. Tum ex dicto Augustini XV De Trinitate, quod intellectus intelligit sibi et aliis. Igitur sicut potest iudicare de actu suo, ita potest iudicare de actibus aliarum potentiarum; igitur de actu naturaliter posteriore actu suo prius naturaliter potest iudicare quam ille actus eliciatur; et per consequens, si recte iudicet, oportet istum actum conformiter elici si debeat esse rectus.

  7. Ex duabus condicionibus praxis ultimis sequitur quod actus imperatus a voluntate non est primo praxis sed quasi per accidens, quia nec primo est posterior intellectione nec primo natus elici conformiter rectae rationi. Oportet ergo aliquem alium actum esse primo praxim; ille non est nisi volitio, quia per illam habet actus imperatus dictas condiciones; ergo prima ratio praxis salvatur in actu elicito voluntatis. Et tunc ultra: quandocumque aliquid est primo tale coniunctum cum alio, si posset separari ab illo adhuc esset tale; igitur si actus voluntatis potest separari ab actu alterius potentiae, separatus ab illo posteriore iste erit praxis. Separatur autem circa quodcumque quod potest esse obiectum actus voluntatis circa quod non potest esse actus alterius potentiae, cuiusmodi sunt omnia immaterialia; igitur circa omne tale est actus voluntatis, et ille solus est praxis.

  8. Secundo hoc idem probatur ex intentione Philosophi III De anima, ubi inquirens principium motivum, postquam conclusit duo esse motiva, videlicet voluntatem sive appetitum et rationem, subdit: ((Intellectus non movet sine appetitu, voluntas enim appetitus est)). Et consequenter dicit quod appetitus duo quandoque sibi sunt contrarii: ideo est ponere quasi unum movens specie, quia duobus appetitibus commune est ratio speciei intermediae, scilicet ratio appetitus. Vult ergo expresse quod sicut appetitus sensitivus habet rationem motivi cum sensu et phantasia, ita voluntas habet rationem principii motivi cum intellectu et ratione. Igitur sicut actus appetitus sensitivi sine quocumque transitu ad extra est vere praxis quando sequitur actum intellectus, ita actus voluntatis, qui ponitur aeque principium motivum, erit vere praxis, quia semper sequitur actum intellectus; et hoc etiam si sit solus, sine actu imperato, immo cum actu in appetitu sensitivo opposito illi quem imperaret, quia ipsa ut habens appetitum illum quandoque contrarium, est principium motivum et operativum, cuius operatio sit praxis.

Articulus II: II. How Practical Knowledge is Extended to Action

Articulus III: III. From what Source Knowledge has Extension to Action

Articulus IV: IV. To the Second Question

Articulus V: V. To the First Question

Section I: A. The Opinion of Others

Section II: B. Scotus’ own Opinion

Articulus VI: VI. To the Principal Arguments of the First Question.

Articulus VII: VII. To the Principal Arguments of the Second Question

Book 1

Distinctio I: First Distinction

Pars I: First Part - On the Object of Enjoyment

Quaestio I: Question 1: Whether the object of enjoyment per se is the ultimate end

Articulus I: I. To the Question

Tractatus I: II. To the Principal Arguments

Quaestio II: Question 2 - Whether the ultimate end has only the one idea of enjoyability

Articulus I: I. To the Question

Section I: A. On the Enjoyment of the Wayfarer as to its Possibility

Section II: B. On the Enjoyment of the Comprehender when Speaking of the Absolute Power of God

Section III: C. On the Enjoyment of the Comprehender when Speaking of the Power of the Creature

Section IV: D. On the Enjoyment of the Comprehender and of the Wayfarer when Speaking of the Fact

Articulus II: II. To the Arguments

Section I: A. To the Principal Arguments

Section II: B. To the Reasons for the Opposite

Pars II: Second Part - On Enjoying in Itself

Quaestio I: Question 1 - Whether enjoying is an act elicited by the will or a passion received in the will

Articulus I: I. To the Question

Articulus II: II. To the Principal Arguments

Quaestio II: Question 2 - Whether when the end has been apprehended by the intellect the will must necessarily enjoy it

Articulus I: I. To the Question

Section I: A. The Opinion of Others

Section II: B. Attack on the Opinion of Others

Section III: C. Scotus’ Own Opinion

Section IV: D. To the Arguments for the Opinion of Others

Articulus II: II. To the Principal Arguments

Pars III: On the Enjoyer

Quaestio I: Whether Enjoying Belongs to God

Quaestio II: Whether the Wayfarer Enjoys

Quaestio III: Whether the Sinner Enjoys

Quaestio IV: Whether the Brutes Enjoy

Quaestio V: Whether All Things Enjoy

Articulus I: I. To the Questions Together

Articulus II: II. To the Principal Arguments

Distinctio II: Second Distinction

Pars I: First Part - On the Existence of God and his Unity

Quaestio I: Question 1 - Whether among beings there is something existing actually infinite

Quaestio II: Question 2 - Whether something infinite is known self-evidently

Articulus I: I. To the Second Question

Articulus II: II. To the Principal Arguments of the Second Question

Articulus III: III. To the First Question

Section I: A. The Existence of the Relative Properties of an Infinite Being is Made Clear

Section II: B. The Existence of an Infinite Being is Made Clear

Subsection I: 1. Conclusions preliminary to infinity are proposed and demonstrated

Subsection II: 2. The infinity of God is proved directly

Articulus IV: IV. To the Principal Arguments of the First Question

Quaestio III: Question 3 - Whether there is only one God

Articulus I: I. To the Question

Tractatus I: II. To the Arguments

Section I: A. To the Arguments for the Other Opinion

Section II: B. To the Principal Arguments

Pars II: Second Part - On the Persons and Productions in God

Quaestio I: Question 1 - Whether there can be along with the unity of the divine essence a plurality of persons

Quaestio II: Question 2 - Whether there are only three persons in the divine essence

Quaestio III: Question 3 - Whether being Produced can Stand in Something along with the Divine Essence

Quaestio IV: Question 4 - Whether in the Divine Essence there are only Two Intrinsic Productions

Articulus I: I. To the Third Question

Section I: A. Scotus’ own Proofs

Section II: B. Proofs of Others

Articulus II: II. To the Principal Arguments of the Third Question

Articulus III: III. To the Fourth Question

Section I: A. The Opinion of Henry of Ghent is Expounded

Section II: B. The Opinion of Henry of Ghent is Rejected

Section III: C. Scotus’ Own Opinion

Section IV: D. Instances against the Solution

Articulus IV: IV. To the Principal Arguments of the Fourth Question

Articulus V: V. To the Second Question

Tractatus I: A. About the Produced Persons in Divine Reality

Section I: B. About the Sole Non-produced Person in Divine Reality

Articulus VI: VI. To the Principal Arguments of the Second Question

Articulus VII: VII. To the First Question

Section I: A. Declaration of Scotus’ Own Solution

Section II: B. On Formal Distinction or Non-Identity

Articulus VIII: VIII. To the Principal Arguments of the First Question

Distinctio III: Third Distinction

Pars I: First Part - About the Knowability of God

Quaestio I: Question 1 - Whether God is Naturally Knowable by the Intellect of the Wayfarer

Tractatus I: Question 2 - Whether God is the First Thing Naturally Known by Us in this State of Life

Articulus I: I. Clarification of the First Question

Articulus II: II. Opinion of Others as to Each Question

Articulus III: III. Scotus’ own Response to the First Question

Section I: A. A Quidditative Concept can be Had of God

Section II: B. About a Concept Univocal to God and Creatures

Section III: C. God Cannot be Known under his Proper Idea

Section IV: D. About the Concept of Infinite Being

Section V: E. God is Known through the Species of Creatures

Articulus IV: IV. To the Arguments of the First Question

Articulus V: V. Scotus’ own Response to the Second Question

Section I: A. About the Order of Origin of Intelligibles

Section II: B. About the Order of Perfection and Adequacy in Intelligibles

Articulus VI: VI. To the Arguments for the Second Question

Quaestio II: Question 3 - Whether God is the Natural First Object that is Adequate Relative to the Intellect of the Wayfarer

Quaestio III: Question 4 - Whether any Certain and Sincere Truth could Naturally be Known by the Intellect of the Wayfarer without a Special Illumining of Uncreated Light

Articulus I: I. Opinion of Henry

Articulus II: II. Attack on Henry’s Opinion and Solution of the Question

Section I: A. Against the Fundamental Reasons Adduced

Section II: B. Against the Opinion in Itself

Section III: C. Against the Fundamental Reasons insofar as they are Less Probative

Section IV: D. Against the Conclusion itself of the Opinion

Section V: E. Solution of the Question

Section VI: F. Once More Against the Fundamental Reasons Adduced

Articulus I: I. Opinion of Others

Section I: A. First Opinion

Section II: B. Second Opinion

Articulus II: II. To the Question

Section I: A. Of What Sort the Univocity of Being is and to What Things it Extends.

Section II: B. About the First Object of the Intellect

Section III: C. Arguments against the Univocity of Being and their Solution

Articulus III: III. About Other Transcendentals

Articulus IV: IV. Doubt about the First Object of the Intellect for this Present State

Articulus V: V. To the Initial Arguments

Pars II: Second Part - About the Vestige/Footprint

Quaestio I: Single Question - Whether in Every Creature there is a Vestige of the Trinity

Articulus I: I. To the Question

Section I: A. On the Idea of Footprint/Vestige

Subsection I: 1. Opinion of Others

Subsection II: 2. Against this Opinion

Subsection III: 3. Scotus’ own Opinion

Section II: B. About Ratification and Somesort-ness

Subsection I: 1. Opinion of Others

Subsection II: 2. Rejection of the Opinion

Sub-subsection I: a. A First Rejection of the Opinion

Sub-subsection II: b. Another Rejection of the Opinion

Subsection III: 3. Scotus’ own Opinion

Subsection IV: 4. To the Reasons for the Rejected Opinion

Section III: -

Articulus II: II. To the Initial Arguments

Pars III: Third Part - About the Image

Quaestio I: Question 1 - Whether in the Intellective Part Properly Taken there is a Memory that has an Intelligible Species Naturally Prior to the Act of Understanding

Articulus I: I. To the Question

Section I: A. The Opinion of Others

Section II: B. Scotus’ Response and his own Opinion

Subsection I: 1. Reasons on the Part of the Universality of the Object

Subsection II: 2. Reasons on the Part of the Presence of the Object

Subsection III: 3. Scotus’ Concluding Opinion

Subsection IV: 4. To the Reasons from the Authorities

Section III: -

Articulus II: II. To the Initial Arguments

Articulus III: III. To the Arguments for the Opinion of Others

Quaestio II: Question 2 - Whether the Intellective Part Properly Taken or Something of it is the Total Cause Generating Actual Knowledge or is the Idea of Generating

Articulus I: I. Six Opinions of Others are Expounded and Rejected

Section I: A. About the First Opinion

Subsection I: 1. Exposition of the Opinion

Section I: 2. Rejection of the Opinion

Section II: B. About the Second Opinion

Subsection I: 1. Exposition of the opinion

Subsection II: 2. Rejection of the Opinion

Section III: C. About the Third and Fourth Opinion

Subsection I: 1. Exposition of the Opinions

Subsection II: 2. Rejection of the Opinions

Section IV: D. About the Fifth and Sixth Opinion

Subsection I: 1. Exposition of the Opinions

Subsection II: 2. Rejection of the Opinions

Subsection III: 3. Rejection of the Sixth Opinion Specifically

Articulus II: II. Scotus’ own Opinion

Articulus III: III. To the Arguments for the Opinions

Section I: A. To the Arguments for the First Opinion

Section II: B. To the Arguments for the Second Opinion

Section III: C. To the Things Said in the Third and Fourth Opinion

Section IV: D. To the Arguments of the Fifth Opinion

Articulus IV: IV. To the Initial Arguments

Quaestio III: Question 3 - Whether the More Principal Cause of Generated Knowledge is the Object Present in Itself or in the Species, or the Very Intellective Part of the Intellect

Articulus I: I. Solution of the Question

Articulus II: II. To the Initial Arguments

Quaestio IV: Question 4 - Whether there is Distinctly in the Mind an Image of the Trinity

Articulus I: I. To the Question

Section I: A. About the Image of the Trinity in Us

Section II: B. Two Doubts

Subsection I: 1. To the First Doubt

Subsection II: 2. To the Second Doubt

Subsection III: 3. Corollary

Articulus II: II. To the Initial Arguments

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