Ordinatio
John Duns Scotus (1266–1308)
John Duns Scotus's Ordinatio (also called the Opus Oxoniense) is his revised, authorially prepared commentary on Peter Lombard's Sentences. Scotus began arranging it for publication around 1300 after lecturing at Oxford and continued revising material associated with Paris until his death in 1308; the work therefore remains unfinished and textually layered. Its disputations on God, creation, individuation, freedom, grace, and the Incarnation helped establish Scotism as a major alternative within late-medieval scholastic theology. Schola uses the Vatican critical-edition tradition for the Latin and a separately sourced English translation.
✦ This work is being completed — add a section.
Prologus I: Prologus Totius Operis
Pars I: Pars 1 - On the Necessity of Revealed Doctrine
Quaestio I: Single Question: On the Necessity of Revealed Doctrine - Whether it be necessary for man in this present state for some doctrine to be supernaturally inspired
Articulus I: 1. Controversy between Philosophers and Theologians
Section I: A. Opinion of the Philosophers
Section II: B. Rejection of the Opinion of the Philosophers
Articulus II: II. Solution of the Question
Articulus III: III. About the Three Principal Reasons against the Philosophers
Articulus IV: IV. To the Arguments of the Philosophers
Articulus V: V. To the Principal Arguments
Pars II: Pars 2 - On the Sufficiency of Revealed Doctrine
Quaestio I: Single Question: On the Sufficiency of Revealed Doctrine Whether the supernatural knowledge necessary for the wayfarer is sufficiently handed on in Sacred Scripture.
Articulus I: I. On the Truth of Sacred Scripture
Articulus II: II. Principal Response to the Question
Articulus III: III. To the Principal Arguments
Pars III: Pars 3 - On the Object of Theology
Quaestio I: Question 1: Whether theology is about God as about its first object.
Quaestio II: Question 2: Whether Theology is about God under some Special Idea
Quaestio III: Question 3: Whether Theology is about All Things from the Attribution of them to its First Subject
Articulus I: I. Preliminary Remarks
Articulus II: II. About Necessary Theology
Section I: A. To the First Question, speaking of Theology in itself
Section II: B. To the Second Question, speaking of Theology in itself
Section III: C. To the First Question, speaking of Our Theology
Articulus III: III. On Contingent Theology
Articulus IV: IV. On Christ as First Object
Articulus V: V. To the Principal Arguments of the First Question
Articulus VI: VI. To the principal Arguments of the Second Question
Articulus VII: VI. To the Third Question
Section I: A. Opinion of Others
Section II: B. Scotus’ own Response
Articulus VIII: VII. To the principal Arguments of the Third Question
Pars IV: Pars 4 - On Theology as a Science
Quaestio I: Questions 1 and 2 - Whether theology in itself is a science, and whether it is subalterning or subalternate
Articulus I: I. To the First Question
Articulus II: II. To the Second Question
Pars V: Pars 5 - On Theology insofar as it is a Practical Science
Quaestio I: Question 1 - Whether theology is a practical or a speculative science
Quaestio II: Question 2 - Whether a science is called practical per se from order to action as to its end
Articulus I: I. What Action [Praxis] is
Articulus II: II. How Practical Knowledge is Extended to Action
Articulus III: III. From what Source Knowledge has Extension to Action
Articulus IV: IV. To the Second Question
Articulus V: V. To the First Question
Section I: A. The Opinion of Others
Section II: B. Scotus’ own Opinion
Articulus VI: VI. To the Principal Arguments of the First Question.
Articulus VII: VII. To the Principal Arguments of the Second Question
Book 1
Distinctio I: First Distinction
Pars I: First Part - On the Object of Enjoyment
Quaestio I: Question 1: Whether the object of enjoyment per se is the ultimate end
Articulus I: I. To the Question
Tractatus I: II. To the Principal Arguments
Quaestio II: Question 2 - Whether the ultimate end has only the one idea of enjoyability
Articulus I: I. To the Question
Section I: A. On the Enjoyment of the Wayfarer as to its Possibility
Section II: B. On the Enjoyment of the Comprehender when Speaking of the Absolute Power of God
Section III: C. On the Enjoyment of the Comprehender when Speaking of the Power of the Creature
Section IV: D. On the Enjoyment of the Comprehender and of the Wayfarer when Speaking of the Fact
Articulus II: II. To the Arguments
Section I: A. To the Principal Arguments
Section II: B. To the Reasons for the Opposite
Pars II: Second Part - On Enjoying in Itself
Quaestio I: Question 1 - Whether enjoying is an act elicited by the will or a passion received in the will
Articulus I: I. To the Question
Articulus II: II. To the Principal Arguments
Quaestio II: Question 2 - Whether when the end has been apprehended by the intellect the will must necessarily enjoy it
Articulus I: I. To the Question
Section I: A. The Opinion of Others
Section II: B. Attack on the Opinion of Others
Section III: C. Scotus’ Own Opinion
Section IV: D. To the Arguments for the Opinion of Others
Articulus II: II. To the Principal Arguments
Pars III: On the Enjoyer
Quaestio I: Whether Enjoying Belongs to God
Quaestio II: Whether the Wayfarer Enjoys
Quaestio III: Whether the Sinner Enjoys
Quaestio IV: Whether the Brutes Enjoy
Quaestio V: Whether All Things Enjoy
Articulus I: I. To the Questions Together
Articulus II: II. To the Principal Arguments
Distinctio II: Second Distinction
Pars I: First Part - On the Existence of God and his Unity
Quaestio I: Question 1 - Whether among beings there is something existing actually infinite
Quaestio II: Question 2 - Whether something infinite is known self-evidently
Articulus I: I. To the Second Question
Articulus II: II. To the Principal Arguments of the Second Question
Articulus III: III. To the First Question
Section I: A. The Existence of the Relative Properties of an Infinite Being is Made Clear
Section II: B. The Existence of an Infinite Being is Made Clear
Subsection I: 1. Conclusions preliminary to infinity are proposed and demonstrated
Subsection II: 2. The infinity of God is proved directly
Articulus IV: IV. To the Principal Arguments of the First Question
Quaestio III: Question 3 - Whether there is only one God
Articulus I: I. To the Question
Tractatus I: II. To the Arguments
Section I: A. To the Arguments for the Other Opinion
Section II: B. To the Principal Arguments
Pars II: Second Part - On the Persons and Productions in God
Quaestio I: Question 1 - Whether there can be along with the unity of the divine essence a plurality of persons
Quaestio II: Question 2 - Whether there are only three persons in the divine essence
Quaestio III: Question 3 - Whether being Produced can Stand in Something along with the Divine Essence
Quaestio IV: Question 4 - Whether in the Divine Essence there are only Two Intrinsic Productions
Articulus I: I. To the Third Question
Section I: A. Scotus’ own Proofs
Section II: B. Proofs of Others
Articulus II: II. To the Principal Arguments of the Third Question
Articulus III: III. To the Fourth Question
Section I: A. The Opinion of Henry of Ghent is Expounded
Section II: B. The Opinion of Henry of Ghent is Rejected
Section III: C. Scotus’ Own Opinion
Section IV: D. Instances against the Solution
Articulus IV: IV. To the Principal Arguments of the Fourth Question
Articulus V: V. To the Second Question
Tractatus I: A. About the Produced Persons in Divine Reality
Section I: B. About the Sole Non-produced Person in Divine Reality
Articulus VI: VI. To the Principal Arguments of the Second Question
Articulus VII: VII. To the First Question
Section I: A. Declaration of Scotus’ Own Solution
Section II: B. On Formal Distinction or Non-Identity
Articulus VIII: VIII. To the Principal Arguments of the First Question
Distinctio III: Third Distinction
Pars I: First Part - About the Knowability of God
Quaestio I: Question 1 - Whether God is Naturally Knowable by the Intellect of the Wayfarer
Tractatus I: Question 2 - Whether God is the First Thing Naturally Known by Us in this State of Life
Articulus I: I. Clarification of the First Question
-
In prima quaestione non est distinguendum quod Deus possit cognosci negative vel affirmative, quia negatio non cognoscitur nisi per affirmationem, II Perihermenias in fine et IV Metaphysicae. Patet etiam quod nullas negationes cognoscimus de Deo nisi per affirmationes, per quas removemus alia incompossibilia ab illis affirmationibus. Negationes etiam non summe amamus. Similiter etiam, aut negatio concipitur praecise, aut ut dicta de aliquo. Si praecise concipitur negatio, ut non lapis, hoc aeque convenit nihilo sicut Deo, quia pura negatio dicitur de ente et de non ente; igitur in hoc non magis intelligitur Deus quam nihil vel chimaera. Si intelligitur ut negatio dicta de aliquo, tunc quaero illum conceptum substratum de quo intelligitur ista negatio esse vera, aut erit conceptus affirmativus, aut negativus? Si est affirmativus, habetur propositum. Si negativus, quaero ut prius: aut negatio concipitur praecise, aut ut dicta de aliquo? Si primo modo, hoc aeque convenit nihilo sicut Deo; si ut dicta de aliquo, sicut prius. Et quantumcumque procederetur in negationibus, vel non intelligeretur Deus magis quam nihil, vel stabitur in aliquo affirmativo conceptu qui est primus.
-
Nec, secundo, est distinguendum de cognitione 'quid est' et 'si est', quia in proposito quaero conceptum simplicem, de quo cognoscatur 'esse' per actum intellectus componentis et dividentis. Numquam enim cognosco de aliquo 'si est', nisi habeam aliquem conceptum illius extremi de quo cognosco 'esse'; et de illo conceptu quaeritur hic.
-
Nec, tertio, oportet distinguere de 'si est' ut est quaestio de veritate propositionis vel ut est quaestio de esse Dei, quia si potest esse quaestio de veritate propositionis in qua est 'esse' tamquam praedicatum de subiecto, ad concipiendum veritatem illius quaestionis vel propositionis oportet praeconcipere terminos illius quaestionis; et de conceptu simplici illius subiecti, si est possibilis, est nunc quaestio.
-
Nec, quarto, valet distinguere de conceptu naturali et supernaturali, quia quaeritur de naturali.
-
Nec, quinto, valet distinguere de 'naturaliter', loquendo de natura absolute vel de natura pro statu isto, quia quaeritur praecise de cognitione pro statu isto.
-
Nec, sexto, valet distinguere de cognitione Dei in creatura vel in se, quia si cognitio habeatur per creaturam ita quod cognitio discursiva incipiat a creatura, quaero in quo termino sistitur ista cognitio? Si in Deo in se, habeo propositum, quia illum conceptum Dei in se quaero; si non sistitur in Deo in se sed in creatura, tunc idem erit terminus et principium discursus, et ita nulla notitia habebitur de Deol, - saltem non est intellectus in ultimo discursus termino quamdiu sistit in aliquo obiecto quod est principium discurrendi.
-
De cognitione Dei 'si est' et 'quid est' (Godefridus VII, 11 improbat Henricum de distinctione 'si est', et quod possibilis sit cognitio 'quid est') nota: 'quid' quod dicitur per nomen, est 'quid' quod est rei, et est includens 'si est', quia IV Metaphysicae - ((ratio cuius 'nomen' est signum, est definitio)). Tamen esse quid nominis est communius quam 'esse' et quam 'quid' rei, quia pluribus convenit significari nomine quam 'esse'; ubi tamen coniunguntur, idem sunt, sicut non omnis color est albedo, tamen ille color qui est albedo, idem est albedini. Exemplum tamen non est omnino simile, quia color sumitur ab aliqua partiali perfectione. Non sic hic, sed totum 'quid' habet relationem ad nomen ut ad signum quod totum habet relationem ad rem ut quiditas ad suppositum. Sed prius cognosco de eodem 'quid' relationem primam quam secundam. Nec est in hoc solo ordo cognitionum istarum, cognoscendo de eodem conceptu simplici prius relationem unam quam aliam, sed et in hoc quod conceptus simplex est quodammodo alius in multis, puta definitionibus, quia primus est confusus, secundus distinctus. Nam primus vel non explicat partes conceptus, vel si explicat, non distincte, sub compossibilitate vel incompossibilitate; secundus explicat compossibilitatem, et in hoc rationem esse veram, et ex hoc 'quid' quod exprimit esse quid rei possibilis.
-
Secundo nota quod subiectum primae scientiae simul praecognoscitur: 'quid' dicitur per nomen et 'si est' et 'quid est'. Quia nulla scientia de suo subiecto primo quaerit 'si est' vel 'quid est', ergo vel omnino non est quaeribile, vel tantum in scientia priore; prima nulla est prior; ergo de eius primo subiecto nullo modo est quaeribile 'si est' vel 'quid est'. Ergo conceptus simpliciter simplex, ergo ens. Quia 'ens per se', potest dubitari de compossibilitate partium conceptus - pro hoc etiam quia quod non Deus, quia nulla ratio simpliciter simplex habetur de Deo quae distinguit ipsum ab aliis ergo de qualibet tali est quaestio 'si est' et demonstratio quod ratio non sit in se falsa; ergo Deus secundum nullum conceptum viatori possibilem est primum subiectum metaphysicae. Item, quidquid probatur de ipso, continetur primo virtualiter in ratione entis, quia sicut passio simplex convertibilis includitur primo in subiecto, sic et disiuncta; ergo in subiecto includitur primo quod aliqua pars disiunctae alicui enti conveniat. Ergo ens primo virtualiter includit hanc 'aliquod ens est primum', ergo et 'si est' et 'quid est'; de ista ratione ens primum primo includitur in ente; ergo et quidquid concluditur de ente primo, per rationem huius totius vel per rationem entis. Ergo metaphysica est theologia finaliter et principaliter, quia sicut est principalius de substantia quam de accidente, VII Metaphysicae, ita - ulteriore analogia - principalius de Deo, quia semper prius, ordine perfectionis, includitur in ratione subiecti primi particulariter pars passionis disiunctae quae est simpliciter perfectior.
-
Contra: nulla cognitio simpliciter perfectior includitur virtualiter in minus perfecta, sed e converso; ergo nulla cognitio possibilis viatori naturaliter de Deo est perfectior conceptu entis; ergo in qua speculatione felicitas. Si haec ratio concludit, ergo illud quod rationes ad primam partem supponunt de conceptu non simplici. Negatur secundum Henricum, immo proprius conceptus de Deo et simplex, per motionem effectus. Sed tunc ens non commune sed analogum, et ita prima scientia de ente erit de primo ad quod omnia attribuuntur.
-
Est ergo mens quaestionis ista, utrum aliquem conceptum simplicem possit intellectus viatoris naturaliter habere, in quo conceptu simplici concipiatur Deus.