Ordinatio

John Duns Scotus

Ordinatio

John Duns Scotus (1266–1308)

John Duns Scotus's Ordinatio (also called the Opus Oxoniense) is his revised, authorially prepared commentary on Peter Lombard's Sentences. Scotus began arranging it for publication around 1300 after lecturing at Oxford and continued revising material associated with Paris until his death in 1308; the work therefore remains unfinished and textually layered. Its disputations on God, creation, individuation, freedom, grace, and the Incarnation helped establish Scotism as a major alternative within late-medieval scholastic theology. Schola uses the Vatican critical-edition tradition for the Latin and a separately sourced English translation.

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Prologus I: Prologus Totius Operis

Pars I: Pars 1 - On the Necessity of Revealed Doctrine

Quaestio I: Single Question: On the Necessity of Revealed Doctrine - Whether it be necessary for man in this present state for some doctrine to be supernaturally inspired

Articulus I: 1. Controversy between Philosophers and Theologians

Section I: A. Opinion of the Philosophers

Section II: B. Rejection of the Opinion of the Philosophers

Articulus II: II. Solution of the Question

Articulus III: III. About the Three Principal Reasons against the Philosophers

Articulus IV: IV. To the Arguments of the Philosophers

Articulus V: V. To the Principal Arguments

Pars II: Pars 2 - On the Sufficiency of Revealed Doctrine

Quaestio I: Single Question: On the Sufficiency of Revealed Doctrine Whether the supernatural knowledge necessary for the wayfarer is sufficiently handed on in Sacred Scripture.

Articulus I: I. On the Truth of Sacred Scripture

Articulus II: II. Principal Response to the Question

Articulus III: III. To the Principal Arguments

Pars III: Pars 3 - On the Object of Theology

Quaestio I: Question 1: Whether theology is about God as about its first object.

Quaestio II: Question 2: Whether Theology is about God under some Special Idea

Quaestio III: Question 3: Whether Theology is about All Things from the Attribution of them to its First Subject

Articulus I: I. Preliminary Remarks

Articulus II: II. About Necessary Theology

Section I: A. To the First Question, speaking of Theology in itself

Section II: B. To the Second Question, speaking of Theology in itself

Section III: C. To the First Question, speaking of Our Theology

Articulus III: III. On Contingent Theology

Articulus IV: IV. On Christ as First Object

Articulus V: V. To the Principal Arguments of the First Question

Articulus VI: VI. To the principal Arguments of the Second Question

Articulus VII: VI. To the Third Question

Section I: A. Opinion of Others

Section II: B. Scotus’ own Response

Articulus VIII: VII. To the principal Arguments of the Third Question

Pars IV: Pars 4 - On Theology as a Science

Quaestio I: Questions 1 and 2 - Whether theology in itself is a science, and whether it is subalterning or subalternate

Articulus I: I. To the First Question

Articulus II: II. To the Second Question

Pars V: Pars 5 - On Theology insofar as it is a Practical Science

Quaestio I: Question 1 - Whether theology is a practical or a speculative science

Quaestio II: Question 2 - Whether a science is called practical per se from order to action as to its end

Articulus I: I. What Action [Praxis] is

Articulus II: II. How Practical Knowledge is Extended to Action

Articulus III: III. From what Source Knowledge has Extension to Action

Articulus IV: IV. To the Second Question

Articulus V: V. To the First Question

Section I: A. The Opinion of Others

Section II: B. Scotus’ own Opinion

Articulus VI: VI. To the Principal Arguments of the First Question.

Articulus VII: VII. To the Principal Arguments of the Second Question

Book 1

Distinctio I: First Distinction

Pars I: First Part - On the Object of Enjoyment

Quaestio I: Question 1: Whether the object of enjoyment per se is the ultimate end

Articulus I: I. To the Question

Tractatus I: II. To the Principal Arguments

Quaestio II: Question 2 - Whether the ultimate end has only the one idea of enjoyability

Articulus I: I. To the Question

Section I: A. On the Enjoyment of the Wayfarer as to its Possibility

Section II: B. On the Enjoyment of the Comprehender when Speaking of the Absolute Power of God

Section III: C. On the Enjoyment of the Comprehender when Speaking of the Power of the Creature

Section IV: D. On the Enjoyment of the Comprehender and of the Wayfarer when Speaking of the Fact

Articulus II: II. To the Arguments

Section I: A. To the Principal Arguments

Section II: B. To the Reasons for the Opposite

Pars II: Second Part - On Enjoying in Itself

Quaestio I: Question 1 - Whether enjoying is an act elicited by the will or a passion received in the will

Articulus I: I. To the Question

Articulus II: II. To the Principal Arguments

Quaestio II: Question 2 - Whether when the end has been apprehended by the intellect the will must necessarily enjoy it

Articulus I: I. To the Question

Section I: A. The Opinion of Others

Section II: B. Attack on the Opinion of Others

Section III: C. Scotus’ Own Opinion

Section IV: D. To the Arguments for the Opinion of Others

Articulus II: II. To the Principal Arguments

Pars III: On the Enjoyer

Quaestio I: Whether Enjoying Belongs to God

Quaestio II: Whether the Wayfarer Enjoys

Quaestio III: Whether the Sinner Enjoys

Quaestio IV: Whether the Brutes Enjoy

Quaestio V: Whether All Things Enjoy

Articulus I: I. To the Questions Together

Articulus II: II. To the Principal Arguments

Distinctio II: Second Distinction

Pars I: First Part - On the Existence of God and his Unity

Quaestio I: Question 1 - Whether among beings there is something existing actually infinite

Quaestio II: Question 2 - Whether something infinite is known self-evidently

Articulus I: I. To the Second Question

Articulus II: II. To the Principal Arguments of the Second Question

Articulus III: III. To the First Question

Section I: A. The Existence of the Relative Properties of an Infinite Being is Made Clear

Section II: B. The Existence of an Infinite Being is Made Clear

Subsection I: 1. Conclusions preliminary to infinity are proposed and demonstrated

Subsection II: 2. The infinity of God is proved directly

Articulus IV: IV. To the Principal Arguments of the First Question

Quaestio III: Question 3 - Whether there is only one God

Articulus I: I. To the Question

Tractatus I: II. To the Arguments

Section I: A. To the Arguments for the Other Opinion

Section II: B. To the Principal Arguments

Pars II: Second Part - On the Persons and Productions in God

Quaestio I: Question 1 - Whether there can be along with the unity of the divine essence a plurality of persons

Quaestio II: Question 2 - Whether there are only three persons in the divine essence

Quaestio III: Question 3 - Whether being Produced can Stand in Something along with the Divine Essence

Quaestio IV: Question 4 - Whether in the Divine Essence there are only Two Intrinsic Productions

Articulus I: I. To the Third Question

Section I: A. Scotus’ own Proofs

Section II: B. Proofs of Others

Articulus II: II. To the Principal Arguments of the Third Question

Articulus III: III. To the Fourth Question

Section I: A. The Opinion of Henry of Ghent is Expounded

Section II: B. The Opinion of Henry of Ghent is Rejected

Section III: C. Scotus’ Own Opinion

Section IV: D. Instances against the Solution

Articulus IV: IV. To the Principal Arguments of the Fourth Question

Articulus V: V. To the Second Question

Tractatus I: A. About the Produced Persons in Divine Reality

Section I: B. About the Sole Non-produced Person in Divine Reality

Articulus VI: VI. To the Principal Arguments of the Second Question

Articulus VII: VII. To the First Question

Section I: A. Declaration of Scotus’ Own Solution

Section II: B. On Formal Distinction or Non-Identity

Articulus VIII: VIII. To the Principal Arguments of the First Question

Distinctio III: Third Distinction

Pars I: First Part - About the Knowability of God

Quaestio I: Question 1 - Whether God is Naturally Knowable by the Intellect of the Wayfarer

Tractatus I: Question 2 - Whether God is the First Thing Naturally Known by Us in this State of Life

Articulus I: I. Clarification of the First Question

Articulus II: II. Opinion of Others as to Each Question

Articulus III: III. Scotus’ own Response to the First Question

Section I: A. A Quidditative Concept can be Had of God

Section II: B. About a Concept Univocal to God and Creatures

Section III: C. God Cannot be Known under his Proper Idea

Section IV: D. About the Concept of Infinite Being

Section V: E. God is Known through the Species of Creatures

Articulus IV: IV. To the Arguments of the First Question

Articulus V: V. Scotus’ own Response to the Second Question

Section I: A. About the Order of Origin of Intelligibles

Section II: B. About the Order of Perfection and Adequacy in Intelligibles

Articulus VI: VI. To the Arguments for the Second Question

Quaestio II: Question 3 - Whether God is the Natural First Object that is Adequate Relative to the Intellect of the Wayfarer

Quaestio III: Question 4 - Whether any Certain and Sincere Truth could Naturally be Known by the Intellect of the Wayfarer without a Special Illumining of Uncreated Light

Articulus I: I. Opinion of Henry

Articulus II: II. Attack on Henry’s Opinion and Solution of the Question

Section I: A. Against the Fundamental Reasons Adduced

Section II: B. Against the Opinion in Itself

Section III: C. Against the Fundamental Reasons insofar as they are Less Probative

Section IV: D. Against the Conclusion itself of the Opinion

Section V: E. Solution of the Question

Section VI: F. Once More Against the Fundamental Reasons Adduced

Articulus I: I. Opinion of Others

Section I: A. First Opinion

Section II: B. Second Opinion

Articulus II: II. To the Question

Section I: A. Of What Sort the Univocity of Being is and to What Things it Extends.

Section II: B. About the First Object of the Intellect

Section III: C. Arguments against the Univocity of Being and their Solution

Articulus III: III. About Other Transcendentals

Articulus IV: IV. Doubt about the First Object of the Intellect for this Present State

Articulus V: V. To the Initial Arguments

Pars II: Second Part - About the Vestige/Footprint

Quaestio I: Single Question - Whether in Every Creature there is a Vestige of the Trinity

Articulus I: I. To the Question

Section I: A. On the Idea of Footprint/Vestige

Subsection I: 1. Opinion of Others

Subsection II: 2. Against this Opinion

Subsection III: 3. Scotus’ own Opinion

Section II: B. About Ratification and Somesort-ness

Subsection I: 1. Opinion of Others

Subsection II: 2. Rejection of the Opinion

Sub-subsection I: a. A First Rejection of the Opinion

Sub-subsection II: b. Another Rejection of the Opinion

Subsection III: 3. Scotus’ own Opinion

Subsection IV: 4. To the Reasons for the Rejected Opinion

Section III: -

Articulus II: II. To the Initial Arguments

Pars III: Third Part - About the Image

Quaestio I: Question 1 - Whether in the Intellective Part Properly Taken there is a Memory that has an Intelligible Species Naturally Prior to the Act of Understanding

Articulus I: I. To the Question

Section I: A. The Opinion of Others

Section II: B. Scotus’ Response and his own Opinion

Subsection I: 1. Reasons on the Part of the Universality of the Object

Subsection II: 2. Reasons on the Part of the Presence of the Object

Subsection III: 3. Scotus’ Concluding Opinion

Subsection IV: 4. To the Reasons from the Authorities

Section III: -

Articulus II: II. To the Initial Arguments

Articulus III: III. To the Arguments for the Opinion of Others

Quaestio II: Question 2 - Whether the Intellective Part Properly Taken or Something of it is the Total Cause Generating Actual Knowledge or is the Idea of Generating

Articulus I: I. Six Opinions of Others are Expounded and Rejected

Section I: A. About the First Opinion

Subsection I: 1. Exposition of the Opinion

Section I: 2. Rejection of the Opinion

Section II: B. About the Second Opinion

Subsection I: 1. Exposition of the opinion

Subsection II: 2. Rejection of the Opinion

Section III: C. About the Third and Fourth Opinion

Subsection I: 1. Exposition of the Opinions

Subsection II: 2. Rejection of the Opinions

Section IV: D. About the Fifth and Sixth Opinion

Subsection I: 1. Exposition of the Opinions

Subsection II: 2. Rejection of the Opinions

Subsection III: 3. Rejection of the Sixth Opinion Specifically

Articulus II: II. Scotus’ own Opinion

Articulus III: III. To the Arguments for the Opinions

Section I: A. To the Arguments for the First Opinion

Section II: B. To the Arguments for the Second Opinion

  1. Ad argumenta pro secunda opinione. - Quamvis posset ibi tangi, utrum illa causalitas quae attribuitur intellectivae parti, conveniat proprie intellectui agenti vel possibili, tamen illam difficultatem dimitto usque alias.

  2. Cum probatur quod 'possibilis' non potest habere causalitatem aliquam, quia 'nihil idem agit in se', - respondeo quod illa propositio non est vera nisi de agente univoco, nec illa probatio eius quod 'tunc idem esset in actu et in potentia' concludit nisi quando agens agit univoce, hoc est inducit in passum formam eiusdem rationis cum illa per quam agit; si enim sic aliquid ageret in se, ergo haberet simul 'formam eiusdem rationis ad quam movetur', et dum movetur ad illam, careret illa; ergo simul haberet illam et non haberet, - saltem hoc sequitur de duabus formis eiusdem speciei, vel de eadem. In agentibus autem aequivoce, id est in illis agentibus quae non agunt per formas eiusdem rationis cum illa ad quam agunt, propositio illa quod 'nihil movet se' non habet necessitatem, nec probatio eius quod 'aliquid sit in potentia et in actu respectu eiusdem' aliquid concludit: non enim ibi agens est tale formaliter in actu quale passum est formaliter in potentia, sed agens est virtualiter tale in actu quale formaliter est passum in potentia; et quod 'idem' sit virtualiter tale in actu et formaliter tale in potentia, nulla est contradictio.

  3. Ista glossa de agentibus univoce et aequivoce necessaria est, quia Philosophus posuit 'motum' non tantum in genere qualitatis, sed quantitatis et 'ubi'. In quantitate autem et 'ubi' nullum est agens univocum, quia in genere quantitatis et 'ubi' nulla forma est quae sit principium inducendi similem formam, immo - ut generaliter dicatur - quicumque motus est 'non ad formam activam', non est ab agente univoco, quia ex quo forma terminans non est activa, nulla eiusdem rationis est principium agendi. Sunt ergo apud Philosophum multi 'motus' ab agente non univoco sed aequivoco, - et ibi agens est tale virtualiter in actu quale patiens in potentia formaliter.

  4. Si arguas 'ergo in omnibus posset idem esse in actu virtuali et in potentia ad actum formalem, et ita quidlibet potest movere se' - respondeo quod in ista illatione est non causa ut causa, nam ex generali ratione 'actus virtualis et potentiae ad actum formalem' nulla est repugnantia, quia si ex ista ratione esset repugnantia, et in quolibet esset repugnantia; tamen in aliquo cum actu virtuali concurrit aliquid aliud, propter quod repugnat sibi quandoque esse in potentia vel actu tale formaliter. Exemplum: esse calidum virtualiter in actu et in potentia formaliter, de se non includunt contradictionem vel repugnantiam, et ideo in nullo subiecto includunt repugnantiam quod propter hoc non possint esse simul, nec alterum ibi quia alterum; tamen sol, qui est calidus virtualiter, non potest esse calidus formaliter, - tamen hoc non est propter repugnantiam istorum primo, quia saturnus est frigidus virtualiter et tamen non potest esse calidus formaliter; ergo actus virtualis non erat in eo causa repugnantiae, sed aliquid aliud, quod est commune soli et saturno, puta quod ista sunt 'corpora incorruptibilia', et calor est 'qualitas' corruptibilis.

  5. Sed si obicias quod 'talia principia metaphysica, ex quo sunt generalia, non debent negari propter aliquas difficultates speciales', respondeo - nulla sunt principia metaphysica quae habent multa singularia falsa; intelligendo autem quod nihil est in actu virtuali et in potentia ad actum formalem, et quod ista repugnantia accipiatur ex ratione actus et potentiae, multa sunt singularia satis patenter falsa, ex quo satis sequitur quod istud non est principium metaphysicum; sed quod nihil est in actu formali et in potentia respectu eiusdem actus formalis, est verum, scilicet quod sic nihil est simul in actu et in potentia.

  6. Et si omnino contendas quod 'etiam loquendo de actu virtuali et potentia ad formalem actum, sit principium metaphysicum', quomodo alii erant ita caeci, et ille solus 'videns', ut rationem terminorum communium metaphysicorum non possent concipere, et ex eis apprehendere veritatem talis complexi quod ipse ponit 'principium metaphysicum'? - quod non tantum ab aliis non ponitur 'principium', immo in multis falsum, et nusquam necessarium ratione terminorum.

  7. Cum arguitur, secundo, de causa materiali et efficiente, quod non coincidunt, - verum est de materia quae est in potentia pura, sed non de materia 'secundum quid', quale est subiectum respectu accidentis. Necesse enim est aliquid idem quandoque esse materiam et efficiens respectu eiusdem, quod apparet, quia alias passio non praedicaretur 'per se secundo modo' de subiecto. Probatio, quia si praedicatur de ipso 'per se secundo modo', est eius causa materialis sicut materia est in accidentibus, quia ponitur in definitione eius ut additamentum. Si etiam est praedicatio 'per se', ergo et necessaria: sed quod est sola causa materialis respectu alicuius, non habet necessitatem respectu eius, ergo oportet praeter causalitatem materiae ponere in subiecto causalitatem efficientiae, ad salvandum necessitatem.

  8. Quod arguitur postea de relationibus realibus oppositis, dico quod aliquae 'relationes oppositae' sunt incompossibiles in eadem natura, aliquae non in eadem natura sed in eodem supposito, aliquae nec in eadem natura nec in eodem supposito. Unde ex ratione relationum realium in communi non potest concludi repugnantia earum in eodem. Exempla praedictorum: 'causa et causatum' in eadem natura sive in eodem supposito repugnant, quia si non, tunc idem dependeret a se; 'producens et productum' non repugnant in eadem natura si natura potest communicari sine divisione, qualis est natura divina, repugnant tamen in eodem supposito; 'movens et motum' nec in eadem natura nec in eodem supposito repugnant, quia hic non ponitur dependentia essentialis, qualem ponunt relationes causae et causati, nec ibi ponitur quod idem sit antequam sit, quod ponere videtur ratio producti et producentis, - sed tantum ponitur hic quod idem dependet a se quantum ad actum accidentalem, sicut motum a movente dependet quantum ad actum accidentalem quem recipit ab eo. Incompossibilitatem ergo aliquarum relationum realium oportet reducere ad aliquam incompossibilitatem priorem, et ubi illa prior non invenitur, ibi nec relationum realium oppositarum incompossibilitas concludetur.

  9. Hoc etiam amplius declaratur, quia sicut istae relationes 'producentis et producti', quae sunt repugnantes in eodem supposito, possunt fundari in eadem natura 'illimitata', sicut in essentia divina, ita istae relationes 'moventis et moti', quae multo minorem habent repugnantiam, possunt fundari in eadem natura 'aliqualiter illimitata'. Quidquid autem est in potentia ad aliquem actum 'formaliter', et tamen cum hoc habet eandem actualitatem 'virtualiter', sicut cum idem movet se - est aliqualiter illimitatum; ponitur enim non tantum capax illius perfectionis, sed ut causans eam. Ibi ergo, propter illimitationem aliqualem, bene compatiuntur se illae relationes oppositae.

  10. Ad achillem eorum, quod 'quidlibet moveret se', dico, sicut argutum est contra primam opinionem in excludendo causam 'sine qua non', quod nihil est totalis causa et perfecta et naturalis, effectiva alicuius, quin ipsum, approximatum totali receptivo et non impeditum, causet illud. Lignum autem semper est approximatum sibi ipsi, et sufficienter; et non potest poni aliquod perpetuum impedimentum quando ignis non est praesens, quia si ponatur 'hoc impediens', amoveatur istud et non erit, - si 'illud', amoveatur illud; et sic discurrendo per singula, habebitur sibi praesens lignum, et nullo modo impeditum. Ergo si ipsum esset totalis causa activa respectu caloris, et ipsum est totalis causa receptiva, igitur semper esset calidum, sicut brutum semper potest sentire. Ergo cum non posset poni 'non causalitas totalis' propter impedimentum, nec propter non approximationem, nec propter receptivum, concludetur quod in ligno non est causalitas activa totalis, quod est propositum. Sic ergo non omnia movebunt se ut causae totales, quia nullae - quae non habent semper actum - sunt causae naturales totales illius actus.

  11. Si dicis 'saltem dicam lignum esse causam partialem, ut praesente igne coagat ad calefactionem sui in ratione effectivi vel activi partialis', - nec ista cavillatio valet, quia causae duae partiales non ponuntur respectu eiusdem effectus quando altera praecise habet totum effectum in virtute sua, univoce vel aequivoce. Probatio: si enim alterum habet in virtute sua totum effectum, totum potest producere, - ergo alia causa partialis nihil potest producere, vel idem bis producetur; ignis autem, qui ex praecedenti argumento conclusus fuit habere activitatem respectu caloris in ligno, habet in se virtualiter totum calorem ligni; ergo lignum hic nullam habet causalitatem partialem.

  12. Ad propositum ergo: quia anima non semper est in actu respectu cuiuscumque intellectionis - cum tamen ipsa sit receptiva cuiuscumque intellectionis, et ipsa sit sibi approximata et non semper impeditur - concluditur ipsam non esse totalem causam activam, sed aliquid aliud; illud 'aliud' concluditur esse obiectum, quia eo praesente sequitur effectus, eo non praesente non potest haberi. Concluditur ergo primo causalitas aliqualis in obiecto; nec totalis, quia obiectum propter sui imperfectionem non potest habere in virtute sua totaliter intellectionem, propter suam perfectionem, et ideo concluditur quod cum obiecto requiritur aliqua alia causa activa partialis, - non autem aliqua alia ab intellectiva, quia ipsa concurrente cum obiecto est intellectio. Sic igitur concluditur hic duas esse causas partiales activas, et in aliis multis quod nihil idem movet se, nec totaliter nec partialiter. Istud etiam quod habetur pro achille, non videtur multum efficax; hoc enim videtur esse cautela quaedam, divertendo a parte opponentis ad partem respondentis, quia propter defectum argumentorum induunt talem formam respondentium, ut respondentes faciant argumentum ad probandum necessarium, quod scilicet lignum non calefaciat se.

  13. Ad 'responsionem achillis' instatur, quia lignum non calefaciet se nisi alio praesente 'sine quo non', sicut per te voluntas non volificat se nisi praesente obiecto per cognitionem; si etiam arguas quod semper calefaciet alterum, quia habet virtutem calefaciendi,- respondetur: prius calefaciet se quam aliud, et hoc primum non nisi praesente causa 'sine qua non'; vel forte numquam calefaciet aliud, sicut nec voluntas volificat aliam voluntatem, nam concesso quod aliqua actio de genere actionis sit immanens, dicetur quod quaelibet, vel quare non?

  14. Aliter excluditur achilles: praesentibus diversis lignis igni, similiter dispositis, omnia calefiunt, praesente eodem obiecto diversis voluntatibus non omnes similiter volificantur, XII Civitatis, 6; ergo hic agit ignis, et non ibi obiectum, quia tunc aeque ageret in omnes voluntates.

  15. Contra hoc instatur, quia si voluntates non similiter patiuntur praesente causa 'sine qua non', hoc est quia agunt libere per te; ligna praesente causa 'sine qua non' agunt naturaliter: itaque proba quod ignis hic sit causa aliter quam 'sine qua non' - sed tantum dicitur, lignum est naturale, voluntas non.

  16. Tertio modo contra achillem. Quidquid patitur, ab aliquo patitur; ubi ergo non potest a se pati, oportet ponere quod ab alio, ubi non potest poni quod ab alio, oportet ponere quod a se. Voluntas non potest pati ab alio (non loquendo de Deo), tum quia tunc volitio non esset in potestate eius, tum quia tunc aliquod aliud movens - eodem modo se habens, et respectu eiusdem passi - posset indifferenter in utrumque oppositorum, quia voluntas potest velle et nolle idem eodem modo praesentatum. Itaque necessarium est attribuere voluntati principaliter motionem sui ad 'velle', quia ipsa sola habet indifferentiam in agendo, proportionatam tali passo. Sed lignum non habet in agendo indifferentiam proportionatam sibi in ratione passi: est enim receptivum qualitatum disparatarum, et contrariarum etiam, quarum aliqua intensa facta corrumpit ipsum; nec habet principia tot univoca, patet, quia etiam nihil univoce movet se, - nec unum principium univocum, quia quomodo esset ita illimitatum, nisi dicendo quidlibet posse in omnes qualitates susceptibiles in ipso, etiam corruptivas sui? In voluntate quidlibet in quod potest, est operatio eius et aliqualis perfectio.

Section III: C. To the Things Said in the Third and Fourth Opinion

Section IV: D. To the Arguments of the Fifth Opinion

Articulus IV: IV. To the Initial Arguments

Quaestio III: Question 3 - Whether the More Principal Cause of Generated Knowledge is the Object Present in Itself or in the Species, or the Very Intellective Part of the Intellect

Articulus I: I. Solution of the Question

Articulus II: II. To the Initial Arguments

Quaestio IV: Question 4 - Whether there is Distinctly in the Mind an Image of the Trinity

Articulus I: I. To the Question

Section I: A. About the Image of the Trinity in Us

Section II: B. Two Doubts

Subsection I: 1. To the First Doubt

Subsection II: 2. To the Second Doubt

Subsection III: 3. Corollary

Articulus II: II. To the Initial Arguments

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