Ordinatio

John Duns Scotus

Ordinatio

John Duns Scotus (1266–1308)

John Duns Scotus's Ordinatio (also called the Opus Oxoniense) is his revised, authorially prepared commentary on Peter Lombard's Sentences. Scotus began arranging it for publication around 1300 after lecturing at Oxford and continued revising material associated with Paris until his death in 1308; the work therefore remains unfinished and textually layered. Its disputations on God, creation, individuation, freedom, grace, and the Incarnation helped establish Scotism as a major alternative within late-medieval scholastic theology. Schola uses the Vatican critical-edition tradition for the Latin and a separately sourced English translation.

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Prologus I: Prologus Totius Operis

Pars I: Pars 1 - On the Necessity of Revealed Doctrine

Quaestio I: Single Question: On the Necessity of Revealed Doctrine - Whether it be necessary for man in this present state for some doctrine to be supernaturally inspired

Articulus I: 1. Controversy between Philosophers and Theologians

Section I: A. Opinion of the Philosophers

Section II: B. Rejection of the Opinion of the Philosophers

Articulus II: II. Solution of the Question

Articulus III: III. About the Three Principal Reasons against the Philosophers

Articulus IV: IV. To the Arguments of the Philosophers

Articulus V: V. To the Principal Arguments

Pars II: Pars 2 - On the Sufficiency of Revealed Doctrine

Quaestio I: Single Question: On the Sufficiency of Revealed Doctrine Whether the supernatural knowledge necessary for the wayfarer is sufficiently handed on in Sacred Scripture.

Articulus I: I. On the Truth of Sacred Scripture

Articulus II: II. Principal Response to the Question

Articulus III: III. To the Principal Arguments

Pars III: Pars 3 - On the Object of Theology

Quaestio I: Question 1: Whether theology is about God as about its first object.

Quaestio II: Question 2: Whether Theology is about God under some Special Idea

Quaestio III: Question 3: Whether Theology is about All Things from the Attribution of them to its First Subject

Articulus I: I. Preliminary Remarks

Articulus II: II. About Necessary Theology

Section I: A. To the First Question, speaking of Theology in itself

Section II: B. To the Second Question, speaking of Theology in itself

Section III: C. To the First Question, speaking of Our Theology

Articulus III: III. On Contingent Theology

Articulus IV: IV. On Christ as First Object

Articulus V: V. To the Principal Arguments of the First Question

Articulus VI: VI. To the principal Arguments of the Second Question

Articulus VII: VI. To the Third Question

Section I: A. Opinion of Others

Section II: B. Scotus’ own Response

Articulus VIII: VII. To the principal Arguments of the Third Question

Pars IV: Pars 4 - On Theology as a Science

Quaestio I: Questions 1 and 2 - Whether theology in itself is a science, and whether it is subalterning or subalternate

Articulus I: I. To the First Question

Articulus II: II. To the Second Question

Pars V: Pars 5 - On Theology insofar as it is a Practical Science

Quaestio I: Question 1 - Whether theology is a practical or a speculative science

Quaestio II: Question 2 - Whether a science is called practical per se from order to action as to its end

Articulus I: I. What Action [Praxis] is

Articulus II: II. How Practical Knowledge is Extended to Action

Articulus III: III. From what Source Knowledge has Extension to Action

Articulus IV: IV. To the Second Question

Articulus V: V. To the First Question

Section I: A. The Opinion of Others

Section II: B. Scotus’ own Opinion

Articulus VI: VI. To the Principal Arguments of the First Question.

Articulus VII: VII. To the Principal Arguments of the Second Question

Book 1

Distinctio I: First Distinction

Pars I: First Part - On the Object of Enjoyment

Quaestio I: Question 1: Whether the object of enjoyment per se is the ultimate end

Articulus I: I. To the Question

Tractatus I: II. To the Principal Arguments

Quaestio II: Question 2 - Whether the ultimate end has only the one idea of enjoyability

Articulus I: I. To the Question

Section I: A. On the Enjoyment of the Wayfarer as to its Possibility

Section II: B. On the Enjoyment of the Comprehender when Speaking of the Absolute Power of God

Section III: C. On the Enjoyment of the Comprehender when Speaking of the Power of the Creature

Section IV: D. On the Enjoyment of the Comprehender and of the Wayfarer when Speaking of the Fact

Articulus II: II. To the Arguments

Section I: A. To the Principal Arguments

Section II: B. To the Reasons for the Opposite

Pars II: Second Part - On Enjoying in Itself

Quaestio I: Question 1 - Whether enjoying is an act elicited by the will or a passion received in the will

Articulus I: I. To the Question

Articulus II: II. To the Principal Arguments

Quaestio II: Question 2 - Whether when the end has been apprehended by the intellect the will must necessarily enjoy it

Articulus I: I. To the Question

Section I: A. The Opinion of Others

Section II: B. Attack on the Opinion of Others

Section III: C. Scotus’ Own Opinion

Section IV: D. To the Arguments for the Opinion of Others

Articulus II: II. To the Principal Arguments

Pars III: On the Enjoyer

Quaestio I: Whether Enjoying Belongs to God

Quaestio II: Whether the Wayfarer Enjoys

Quaestio III: Whether the Sinner Enjoys

Quaestio IV: Whether the Brutes Enjoy

Quaestio V: Whether All Things Enjoy

Articulus I: I. To the Questions Together

Articulus II: II. To the Principal Arguments

Distinctio II: Second Distinction

Pars I: First Part - On the Existence of God and his Unity

Quaestio I: Question 1 - Whether among beings there is something existing actually infinite

Quaestio II: Question 2 - Whether something infinite is known self-evidently

Articulus I: I. To the Second Question

Articulus II: II. To the Principal Arguments of the Second Question

Articulus III: III. To the First Question

Section I: A. The Existence of the Relative Properties of an Infinite Being is Made Clear

Section II: B. The Existence of an Infinite Being is Made Clear

Subsection I: 1. Conclusions preliminary to infinity are proposed and demonstrated

Subsection II: 2. The infinity of God is proved directly

Articulus IV: IV. To the Principal Arguments of the First Question

Quaestio III: Question 3 - Whether there is only one God

Articulus I: I. To the Question

Tractatus I: II. To the Arguments

Section I: A. To the Arguments for the Other Opinion

Section II: B. To the Principal Arguments

Pars II: Second Part - On the Persons and Productions in God

Quaestio I: Question 1 - Whether there can be along with the unity of the divine essence a plurality of persons

Quaestio II: Question 2 - Whether there are only three persons in the divine essence

Quaestio III: Question 3 - Whether being Produced can Stand in Something along with the Divine Essence

Quaestio IV: Question 4 - Whether in the Divine Essence there are only Two Intrinsic Productions

Articulus I: I. To the Third Question

Section I: A. Scotus’ own Proofs

Section II: B. Proofs of Others

Articulus II: II. To the Principal Arguments of the Third Question

Articulus III: III. To the Fourth Question

Section I: A. The Opinion of Henry of Ghent is Expounded

Section II: B. The Opinion of Henry of Ghent is Rejected

Section III: C. Scotus’ Own Opinion

Section IV: D. Instances against the Solution

Articulus IV: IV. To the Principal Arguments of the Fourth Question

Articulus V: V. To the Second Question

Tractatus I: A. About the Produced Persons in Divine Reality

Section I: B. About the Sole Non-produced Person in Divine Reality

Articulus VI: VI. To the Principal Arguments of the Second Question

Articulus VII: VII. To the First Question

Section I: A. Declaration of Scotus’ Own Solution

Section II: B. On Formal Distinction or Non-Identity

Articulus VIII: VIII. To the Principal Arguments of the First Question

Distinctio III: Third Distinction

Pars I: First Part - About the Knowability of God

Quaestio I: Question 1 - Whether God is Naturally Knowable by the Intellect of the Wayfarer

Tractatus I: Question 2 - Whether God is the First Thing Naturally Known by Us in this State of Life

Articulus I: I. Clarification of the First Question

Articulus II: II. Opinion of Others as to Each Question

Articulus III: III. Scotus’ own Response to the First Question

Section I: A. A Quidditative Concept can be Had of God

Section II: B. About a Concept Univocal to God and Creatures

Section III: C. God Cannot be Known under his Proper Idea

Section IV: D. About the Concept of Infinite Being

Section V: E. God is Known through the Species of Creatures

Articulus IV: IV. To the Arguments of the First Question

Articulus V: V. Scotus’ own Response to the Second Question

Section I: A. About the Order of Origin of Intelligibles

Section II: B. About the Order of Perfection and Adequacy in Intelligibles

Articulus VI: VI. To the Arguments for the Second Question

Quaestio II: Question 3 - Whether God is the Natural First Object that is Adequate Relative to the Intellect of the Wayfarer

Quaestio III: Question 4 - Whether any Certain and Sincere Truth could Naturally be Known by the Intellect of the Wayfarer without a Special Illumining of Uncreated Light

Articulus I: I. Opinion of Henry

Articulus II: II. Attack on Henry’s Opinion and Solution of the Question

Section I: A. Against the Fundamental Reasons Adduced

Section II: B. Against the Opinion in Itself

Section III: C. Against the Fundamental Reasons insofar as they are Less Probative

Section IV: D. Against the Conclusion itself of the Opinion

Section V: E. Solution of the Question

  1. Ad quaestionem igitur dico quod propter verba Augustini oportet concedere quod veritates infallibiles videntur in regulis aeternis; ubi potest ly 'in' accipi obiective, et hoc quadrupliciter: vel sicut in obiecto proximo, vel sicut in continente obiectum proximum, vel sicut in eo virtute cuius obiectum proximum movet, vel sicut in obiecto remoto.

  2. Ad intellectum primi dico quod omnia intelligibilia actu intellectus divini habent 'esse intelligibile', et in eis omnes veritates de eis relucent, ita quod intellectus intelligens ea et virtute eorum intelligens necessarias veritates de eis, videt in eis sicut in obiectis istas veritates necessarias. Illa autem in quantum sunt obiecta secundaria intellectus divini, sunt 'veritates', quia conformes suo exemplari, intellectui scilicet divino, et sunt 'lux', quia manifestae, et sunt immutabiles, ibi, et necessariae. Sed aeternae sunt secundum quid, quia 'aeternitas' est condicio exsistentis, et illa non habent exsistentiam nisi secundum quid. Sic igitur, primo, possumus dici 'videre in luce aeterna', hoc est in obiecto secundario intellectus divini, quod est veritas et lux aeterna, modo exposito.

  3. Secundus modus patet similiter, quia intellectus divinus continet istas veritates quasi liber, sicut illa auctoritas Augustini ƿdicit, De Trinitate XIV cap. 15 (quod 'istae regulae scriptae sunt in libro lucis aeternae', id est in intellectu divino in quantum continet istas veritates), et licet ille liber non videatur, videntur tamen illae veritates quae sunt scriptae in libro illo primo. Et eatenus posset dici 'intellectus noster videre veritates in luce aeterna', hoc est in libro illo sicut in continente obiectum. - Et alter istorum modorum videtur esse de intellectu Augustini XII De Trinitate cap. 14, quod ((ratio quadrati corporis manet incorruptibilis et immutabilis)), etc. Non autem manet talis nisi ut est obiectum secundarium intellectus divini.

  4. Sed contra primum modum est dubium. Si enim non videmus istas veritates ut sunt in intellectu divino (quia non videmus divinum intellectum), quomodo dicemur 'videre in luce increata' ex ƿhoc quod videmus in tali 'luce aeterna secundum quid', quae habet 'esse' in luce increata sicut in intellectu cognoscente?

  5. Huic respondet tertius modus, qui talis est: illa ut sunt obiectum secundarium intellectus divini non habent 'esse' nisi secundum quid; operatio autem aliqua vera, realis, non competit alicui praecise 'enti secundum quid' virtute sui, sed si aliquo modo competit sibi, hoc oportet esse virtute alicuius cui competit 'esse' simpliciter; igitur istis obiectis secundariis non competit movere intellectum praecise nisi virtute 'esse' intellectus divini, quod est 'esse' simpliciter et per quod ista habent 'esse' secundum quid. Sic ergo in 'luce aeterna secundum quid' sicut in obiecto proximo videmus, sed in 'luce aeterna increata' videmus secundum tertium modum, sicut in causa proxima, cuius virtute obiectum proximum movet.

  6. Iuxta hoc etiam potest dici quod, quantum ad tertium modum, videmus in luce aeterna sicut in causa obiecti in se: nam intellectus divinus producit ista actu suo in 'esse intelligibili', et actu suo dat huic obiecto 'esse' tale et illi tale, et per consequens dat eis talem rationem obiecti - per quas rationes post movent intellectum ad cognitionem certam. Et quod proprie posset dici intellectum noƿstrum 'videre in luce quia lux est causa obiecti', apparet per simile, quia proprie dicimur intelligere in lumine intellectus agentis, cum tamen illud lumen non sit nisi causa activa vel faciens obiectum in actu suo vel virtute cuius obiectum movet, vel utrumque.

  7. Ista igitur duplex causalitas intellectus divini - quod est vera lux increata, videlicet quae producit obiecta secundaria in 'esse intelligibili', et quod est illud virtute cuius secundaria etiam obiecta producta movent actualiter intellectum - potest quasi integrare unum tertium membrum, propter quod dicamur vere videre in luce aeterna.

  8. Et si obiciatur contra istos duos modos integrantes tertium membrum 'de causa', quia tunc magis videtur quod diceremur videre in Deo volente, vel in Deo ut voluntas est quam in Deo ut lux est, quia voluntas divina est immediatum principium cuiuslibet actus ad extra, - respondeo: intellectus divinus in quantum aliquo modo prior est actu voluntatis divinae producit ista obiecta in 'esse intelligibili', et ita respectu istorum videtur esse causa mere naturalis, quia Deus non est causa libera respectu alicuius nisi quod praesupponit ante se aliquo modo voluntatem secundum actum ƿvoluntatis. Et sicut intellectus ut prior actu voluntatis producit obiecta in 'esse intelligibili', ita ut prior causa videtur cooperari illis intelligibilibus ad effectum eorum naturalem, scilicet ut apprehensa et composita causent apprehensionis conformitatem ad se. Videtur ergo quod contradictionem includit, intellectum aliquem talem compositionem formare et compositionem non esse conformem terminis, licet possibile sit illos terminos non componere, quia licet Deus voluntarie coagat ad hoc quod intellectus terminos componat vel non componat, tamen cum composuerit, ut illa compositio sit conformis terminis hoc videtur necessario sequi rationem terminorum quam habent ex intellectu Dei, causante illos terminos in 'esse intelligibili' naturaliter.

  9. Et ex isto apparet qualiter non est necessaria specialis illustratio ad videndum in regulis aeternis, quia Augustinus non ponit in eis videri nisi 'vera' quae sunt necessaria ex vi terminorum. Et in talibus est maxima naturalitas - tam causae remotae quam proximae - respectu effectus, puta tam intellectus divini ad obiecta moventia, quam illorum obiectorum ad veritatem complexionis de eis. Et etiam, licet non tanta sit naturalitas ad perceptionem illius veritatis quod 'oppositum contradictionem includat', tamen naturalitas est a parte causae proximae, coassistente sibi causa remota, ƿquia termini apprehensi et compositi, sunt nati naturaliter causare evidentiam conformitatis compositionis ad terminos. Et si ponatur quod Deus coagat terminis ad hunc effectum influentia generali, non tamen necessitate naturali: sed, sive sit influentia generalis sive - quod plus est - necessitas naturalis influendi terminis ad hunc effectum, patet quod non requiritur illustratio specialis.

  10. Assumptum de intentione Augustini patet per ipsum, IV De Trinitate cap. 35 (loquitur de philosophis): ((Nonnulli eorum potuerunt aciem mentis ultra omnem creaturam levare, et lucem incommutabilis veritatis quantulacumque ex parte attingere, qui christianos multos, ex sola fide viventes, nondum posse derident)). Ergo vult quod christiani credita non vident in regulis aeternis, sed philosophi vident in illis necessaria multa.

  11. Idem etiam IX De Trinitate cap. 6: ((Non qualis uniuscuiusque hominis mens)) etc.; quasi diceret: contingentia non videntur ibi, sed necessaria.

  12. Et in eodem IV, cap. 36, arguit contra istos philosophos: ƿ((Numquid quia verissime disputant 'aeternis rationibus omnia temporalia fieri', propterea potuerunt in ipsis rationibus aspicere quot sunt animalium genera, quot semina singulorum in exordiis?)) etc. ((Nonne ista omnia, non per illam incommutabilem scientiam sed per locorum ac temporum historiam quaesierunt, et ab aliis experta atque conscripta crediderunt?)) Ergo intelligit quod per regulas aeternas non cognoscuntur illa contingentia, quae tantum per sensus cognoscuntur, vel per historias creduntur, - et tamen specialis illustratio magis requiritur in credendis quam in cognitis necessariis: immo ibi maxime removetur illustratio specialis, et sufficit sola generalis.

  13. Contra: quid igitur dicit Augustinus XII De Trinitate cap. 14, quod ((paucorum est mentis acie pervenire ad rationes intelligibiles))? - et 83 Quaestionum quaestione 46, 'non nisi purae animae ad illas pertingunt'?

  14. Respondeo: ista 'puritas' non debet intelligi a vitiis - quia XIV De Trinitate cap. 15 vult quod iniustus videt in regulis aeternis quid iustum faciendum sit, et IV libro capitulo praeallegato vult quod ƿphilosophi vident veritatem in regulis aeternis sine fide, et quaestione eadem vult quod nullus potest esse sapiens sine cognitione idearum (eo modo quo Platonem concederent, forsan, sapientem esse) - sed ista 'puritas' debet intelligi elevando intellectum ad considerandum veritates ut relucent in se, non tantum ut relucent in phantasmate.

  15. Ubi considerandum est quod res sensibilis, extra, causat phantasma 'confusum', et 'unum' per accidens, in virtute phantastica, repraesentans scilicet rem secundum quantitatem, secundum figuram et colorem et alia accidentia sensibilia. Et sicut phantasma repraesentat tantum confuse et per accidens, ita multi percipiunt tantum 'ens per accidens'. Veritates autem primae sunt praecise tales ex propria ratione terminorum, in quantum illi termini abstrahuntur ab omnibus per accidens coniunctis cum eis. Non enim haec propositio 'omne totum est maius sua parte' primo vera est ut 'totum' est in lapide vel ligno, sed ut 'totum' abstrahitur ab omnibus quibus coniungitur per accidens. Et ideo intellectus qui numquam intelligit totalitatem nisi in 'conceptu per accidens', puta in totalitate lapidis vel ligni, numquam intelligit sinceram veritatem ƿhuius principii, quia numquam intelligit praecisam rationem termini per quam est veritas.

  16. Paucorum' ergo est pertingere ad rationes aeternas, quia paucorum est habere 'intellectiones per se', et multorum est habere 'conceptus' tales 'per accidens'. Sed isti 'pauci' non dicuntur distingui ab aliis propter specialem illustrationem, sed vel propter meliora naturalia (quia habent intellectum magis abstrahentem et magis perspicacem), vel propter maiorem inquisitionem, per quam aeque ingeniosus pervenit ad cognoscendum illas quiditates, quas alius, non inquirens, non cognoscit. Et isto modo intelligitur illud Augustini IX De Trinitate cap. 6, de vidente in monte, et vidente inferius aerem nebulosum et superius lucem sinceram. Qui enim tantum intelligit semper 'conceptus per accidens' - eo modo quo phantasma repraesentat obiecta talia quasi ' entia per accidens' ipse est quasi in valle, circumdatus aere nebuloso. Sed qui separat quiditates intelligendo praecise eas conceptu per se - quae tamen relucent in phantasmate cum multis aliis accidentibus adiunctis ipse habet phantasma inferius quasi aerem nebulosum: et ipse est ƿin 'monte' in quantum cognoscit illam veritatem, et videt 'verum supra' ut illam veritatem superiorem in virtute intellectus increati, quae est lux aeterna.

  17. Ultimo modo, potest concedi quod cognoscuntur veritates sincerae in luce aeterna sicut in obiecto remoto cognito, quia lux increata est primum principium entium speculabilium et ultimus finis rerum practicarum: et ideo ab ipso sumuntur principia prima, tam speculabilia quam practica, - et ideo cognitio omnium, tam speculabilium quam practicabilium, per principia sumpta a luce aeterna ut cognita, est perfectior et purior cognitione sumpta per principia in genere proprio. Et hoc modo cognitio omnium pertinet ad theologum, $a sicut dictum est in quaestione illa de subiecto theologiae, et est eminentior alia quacumque. - Hoc modo sincera veritas cognosci dicitur, quia per illud cognoscitur quod est tantum veritas, non habens aliquid permixtum non veritatis, quia per primum ens, a quo cognito sumuntur principia sic cognoscendi; aliud autem quodcumque, a quo sumuntur principia cognoscendi in genere, ƿest 'verum' defectivum. Hoc modo solus Deus cognoscit omnia tantum sincere, quia, ut dictum est in quaestione de subiecto theologiae, solus ipse novit omnia praecise per essentiam suam; omnis alius intellectus moveri potest ab obiecto alio, ad cognoscendum veritatem aliquam virtute eius. a$ - Cognoscere enim triangulum 'habere tres' ut est quaedam participatio Dei et habens talem ordinem in universo quod quasi perfectius exprimit perfectionem Dei, hoc est nobiliore modo cognoscere triangulum 'habere tres' quam per rationem trianguli; et ita cognoscere quod 'temperate vivendum est' propter beatitudinem ultimam consequendam, quae est attingendo essentiam Dei in se, perfectius est cognoscere istud cognoscibile practicum quam per principium aliquod in genere moris, puta per hoc quod 'honeste vivendum est'.

  18. Et isto modo loquitur Augustinus de luce increata ut cognita, XV De Trinitate cap. 27 vel 82, ubi se ipsum alloquens ait: ((Multa vera vidisti, et ea, quae discrevisti ab ista luce, qua tibi lucente vidisti. Attolle oculos ad ipsam lucem, et eos in eam fige, si potes: sic enim videbis quomodo distat nativitas Verbi Dei a proƿcessione Doni Dei)); et paulo post: ((Haec et alia oculis tuis interioribus lux ista monstravit. Quae est ergo causa cur acie fixa ipsam videre non poteris, nisi utique infirmitas?)) etc.

  19. Ex dictis patet ad omnes auctoritates Augustini 'ad oppositum', - et secundum aliquem dictorum modorum videndi 'in' exponi possunt auctoritates Augustini quae occurrunt de ista materia.

Section VI: F. Once More Against the Fundamental Reasons Adduced

Articulus I: I. Opinion of Others

Section I: A. First Opinion

Section II: B. Second Opinion

Articulus II: II. To the Question

Section I: A. Of What Sort the Univocity of Being is and to What Things it Extends.

Section II: B. About the First Object of the Intellect

Section III: C. Arguments against the Univocity of Being and their Solution

Articulus III: III. About Other Transcendentals

Articulus IV: IV. Doubt about the First Object of the Intellect for this Present State

Articulus V: V. To the Initial Arguments

Pars II: Second Part - About the Vestige/Footprint

Quaestio I: Single Question - Whether in Every Creature there is a Vestige of the Trinity

Articulus I: I. To the Question

Section I: A. On the Idea of Footprint/Vestige

Subsection I: 1. Opinion of Others

Subsection II: 2. Against this Opinion

Subsection III: 3. Scotus’ own Opinion

Section II: B. About Ratification and Somesort-ness

Subsection I: 1. Opinion of Others

Subsection II: 2. Rejection of the Opinion

Sub-subsection I: a. A First Rejection of the Opinion

Sub-subsection II: b. Another Rejection of the Opinion

Subsection III: 3. Scotus’ own Opinion

Subsection IV: 4. To the Reasons for the Rejected Opinion

Section III: -

Articulus II: II. To the Initial Arguments

Pars III: Third Part - About the Image

Quaestio I: Question 1 - Whether in the Intellective Part Properly Taken there is a Memory that has an Intelligible Species Naturally Prior to the Act of Understanding

Articulus I: I. To the Question

Section I: A. The Opinion of Others

Section II: B. Scotus’ Response and his own Opinion

Subsection I: 1. Reasons on the Part of the Universality of the Object

Subsection II: 2. Reasons on the Part of the Presence of the Object

Subsection III: 3. Scotus’ Concluding Opinion

Subsection IV: 4. To the Reasons from the Authorities

Section III: -

Articulus II: II. To the Initial Arguments

Articulus III: III. To the Arguments for the Opinion of Others

Quaestio II: Question 2 - Whether the Intellective Part Properly Taken or Something of it is the Total Cause Generating Actual Knowledge or is the Idea of Generating

Articulus I: I. Six Opinions of Others are Expounded and Rejected

Section I: A. About the First Opinion

Subsection I: 1. Exposition of the Opinion

Section I: 2. Rejection of the Opinion

Section II: B. About the Second Opinion

Subsection I: 1. Exposition of the opinion

Subsection II: 2. Rejection of the Opinion

Section III: C. About the Third and Fourth Opinion

Subsection I: 1. Exposition of the Opinions

Subsection II: 2. Rejection of the Opinions

Section IV: D. About the Fifth and Sixth Opinion

Subsection I: 1. Exposition of the Opinions

Subsection II: 2. Rejection of the Opinions

Subsection III: 3. Rejection of the Sixth Opinion Specifically

Articulus II: II. Scotus’ own Opinion

Articulus III: III. To the Arguments for the Opinions

Section I: A. To the Arguments for the First Opinion

Section II: B. To the Arguments for the Second Opinion

Section III: C. To the Things Said in the Third and Fourth Opinion

Section IV: D. To the Arguments of the Fifth Opinion

Articulus IV: IV. To the Initial Arguments

Quaestio III: Question 3 - Whether the More Principal Cause of Generated Knowledge is the Object Present in Itself or in the Species, or the Very Intellective Part of the Intellect

Articulus I: I. Solution of the Question

Articulus II: II. To the Initial Arguments

Quaestio IV: Question 4 - Whether there is Distinctly in the Mind an Image of the Trinity

Articulus I: I. To the Question

Section I: A. About the Image of the Trinity in Us

Section II: B. Two Doubts

Subsection I: 1. To the First Doubt

Subsection II: 2. To the Second Doubt

Subsection III: 3. Corollary

Articulus II: II. To the Initial Arguments

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