Republic

Plato

Republic

Plato (428–347 BC)

Plato's Republic in the Greek text edited by John Burnet, with Paul Shorey's English translation.


Book 1

Section 327

Section 328

Section 329

Section 330

Section 331

Section 332

Section 333

Section 334

Section 335

Section 336

Section 337

Section 338

Section 339

Section 340

Section 341

Section 342

Section 343

Section 344

Section 345

Section 346

Section 347

Section 348

Section 349

Section 350

Section 351

Section 352

Section 353

Section 354

Book 2

Section 357

Section 358

Section 359

Section 360

Section 361

Section 362

Section 363

Section 364

Section 365

Section 366

Section 367

Section 368

Section 369

Section 370

Section 371

Section 372

Section 373

Section 374

Section 375

Section 376

Section 377

Section 378

Section 379

Section 380

Section 381

Section 382

Section 383

Book 3

Section 386

Section 387

Section 388

Section 389

Section 390

Section 391

Section 392

Section 393

Section 394

Section 395

Section 396

Section 397

Section 398

Section 399

Section 400

Section 401

Section 402

Section 403

Section 404

Section 405

Section 406

Section 407

Section 408

Section 409

Section 410

Section 411

Section 412

Section 413

Section 414

Section 415

Section 416

Section 417

Book 4

Section 419

Section 420

Section 421

Section 422

Section 423

Section 424

Section 425

Section 426

Section 427

Section 428

Section 429

Section 430

Section 431

Section 432

Section 433

Section 434

Section 435

Section 436

Section 437

Section 438

Section 439

Section 440

Section 441

Section 442

Section 443

Section 444

Section 445

Book 5

Section 449

Section 450

Section 451

Section 452

Section 453

Section 454

Section 455

Section 456

Section 457

Section 458

Section 459

Section 460

Section 461

Section 462

Section 463

Section 464

Section 465

Section 466

Section 467

Section 468

Section 469

Section 470

Section 471

Section 472

Section 473

Section 474

Section 475

Section 476

Section 477

Section 478

Section 479

Section 480

Book 6

Section 484

Section 485

Section 486

Section 487

Section 488

Section 489

Section 490

Section 491

Section 492

Section 493

Section 494

Section 495

Section 496

Section 497

Section 498

Section 499

Section 500

Section 501

Section 502

Section 503

Section 504

Section 505

Section 506

Section 507

Section 508

Section 509

Section 510

Section 511

Book 7

Section 514

Section 515

Section 516

Section 517

Section 518

Section 519

Section 520

Section 521

Section 522

Section 523

Section 524

Section 525

Section 526

Section 527

Section 528

Section 529

Section 530

Section 531

Section 532

Section 533

Section 534

Section 535

Section 536

Section 537

Section 538

Section 539

Section 540

Section 541

Book 8

Section 543

Section 544

Section 545

Section 546

Section 547

Section 548

Section 549

Section 550

Section 551

Section 552

Section 553

Section 554

Section 555

Section 556

Section 557

Section 558

Section 559

Section 560

Section 561

Section 562

Section 563

Section 564

Section 565

Section 566

Section 567

Section 568

Section 569

Book 9

Section 571

Section 572

Section 573

Section 574

Section 575

Section 576

Section 577

Section 578

Section 579

Section 580

Section 581

Section 582

Section 583

Section 584

τὸ δὲ μήτε λυπηρὸν μήτε ἡδὺ οὐχὶ ἡσυχία μέντοι καὶ ἐν μέσῳ τούτοιν ἐφάνη ἄρτι; ἐφάνη γάρ. πῶς οὖν ὀρθῶς ἔστι τὸ μὴ ἀλγεῖν ἡδὺ ἡγεῖσθαι ἢ τὸ μὴ χαίρειν ἀνιαρόν; οὐδαμῶς. οὐκ ἔστιν ἄρα τοῦτο, ἀλλὰ φαίνεται, ἦν δʼ ἐγώ, παρὰ τὸ ἀλγεινὸν ἡδὺ καὶ παρὰ τὸ ἡδὺ ἀλγεινὸν τότε ἡ ἡσυχία, καὶ οὐδὲν ὑγιὲς τούτων τῶν φαντασμάτων πρὸς ἡδονῆς ἀλήθειαν, ἀλλὰ γοητεία τις. ὡς γοῦν ὁ λόγος, ἔφη, σημαίνει. ἰδὲ τοίνυν, ἔφην ἐγώ, ἡδονάς, αἳ οὐκ ἐκ λυπῶν εἰσίν, ἵνα μὴ πολλάκις οἰηθῇς ἐν τῷ παρόντι οὕτω τοῦτο πεφυκέναι, ἡδονὴν μὲν παῦλαν λύπης εἶναι, λύπην δὲ ἡδονῆς. ποῦ δή, ἔφη, καὶ ποίας λέγεις; πολλαὶ μέν, εἶπον, καὶ ἄλλαι, μάλιστα δʼ εἰ ʼθέλεις ἐννοῆσαι τὰς περὶ τὰς ὀσμὰς ἡδονάς. αὗται γὰρ οὐ προλυπηθέντι ἐξαίφνης ἀμήχανοι τὸ μέγεθος γίγνονται, παυσάμεναί τε λύπην οὐδεμίαν καταλείπουσιν. ἀληθέστατα, ἔφη. μὴ ἄρα πειθώμεθα καθαρὰν ἡδονὴν εἶναι τὴν λύπης ἀπαλλαγήν, μηδὲ λύπην τὴν ἡδονῆς. μὴ γάρ. ἀλλὰ μέντοι, εἶπον, αἵ γε διὰ τοῦ σώματος ἐπὶ τὴν ψυχὴν τείνουσαι καὶ λεγόμεναι ἡδοναί, σχεδὸν αἱ πλεῖσταί τε καὶ μέγισται, τούτου τοῦ εἴδους εἰσί, λυπῶν τινες ἀπαλλαγαί. εἰσὶ γάρ. οὐκοῦν καὶ αἱ πρὸ μελλόντων τούτων ἐκ προσδοκίας γιγνόμεναι προησθήσεις τε καὶ προλυπήσεις κατὰ ταὐτὰ ἔχουσιν; κατὰ ταὐτά. οἶσθʼ οὖν, ἦν δʼ ἐγώ, οἷαί εἰσιν καὶ ᾧ μάλιστα ἐοίκασιν; τῷ; ἔφη. νομίζεις τι, εἶπον, ἐν τῇ φύσει εἶναι τὸ μὲν ἄνω, τὸ δὲ κάτω, τὸ δὲ μέσον; ἔγωγε. οἴει οὖν ἄν τινα ἐκ τοῦ κάτω φερόμενον πρὸς μέσον ἄλλο τι οἴεσθαι ἢ ἄνω φέρεσθαι; καὶ ἐν μέσῳ στάντα, ἀφορῶντα ὅθεν ἐνήνεκται, ἄλλοθί που ἂν ἡγεῖσθαι εἶναι ἢ ἐν τῷ ἄνω, μὴ ἑωρακότα τὸ ἀληθῶς ἄνω; μὰ Δίʼ, οὐκ ἔγωγε, ἔφη, ἄλλως οἶμαι οἰηθῆναι ἂν τὸν τοιοῦτον. ἀλλʼ εἰ πάλιν γʼ, ἔφην, φέροιτο, κάτω τʼ ἂν οἴοιτο φέρεσθαι καὶ ἀληθῆ οἴοιτο; πῶς γὰρ οὔ; οὐκοῦν ταῦτα πάσχοι ἂν πάντα διὰ τὸ μὴ ἔμπειρος εἶναι τοῦ ἀληθινῶς ἄνω τε ὄντος καὶ ἐν μέσῳ καὶ κάτω; δῆλον δή.

Section 585

Section 586

Section 587

Section 588

Section 589

Section 590

Section 591

Section 592

Book 10

Section 595

Section 596

Section 597

Section 598

Section 599

Section 600

Section 601

Section 602

Section 603

Section 604

Section 605

Section 606

Section 607

Section 608

Section 609

Section 610

Section 611

Section 612

Section 613

Section 614

Section 615

Section 616

Section 617

Section 618

Section 619

Section 620

Section 621

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