Summa de Ecclesia

Juan de Torquemada

Summa de Ecclesia

Juan de Torquemada (1388–1468)

First published 1561

Torquemada's Summa de Ecclesia from the Venice 1561 edition, Books I-IV with the Florentine union apparatus, in Latin with a new English translation.

Titulus I: Title page

Privilegium I: Privilege

Epistola I: Dedicatory letter

Index I: Full index

Prologus I: Prologue

Liber I: Book I — On the Universal Church

Caput I: Chapter I. On the name Church and how it differs from the name synagogue.

Caput II: Chapter II. On the various senses of the name Church.

Caput III: Chapter III. In which sense the discussion of the Church is to be taken in what follows, where it is shown that in the Church the good and the wicked are mingled together.

Caput IV: Chapter IV. In which objections are raised against what was said, that in the holy and universal Church the good and the wicked are contained together.

Caput V: Chapter V. In which the distinction is given by which the just faithful and sinful faithful are said to be in the Church, and the objections raised are answered.

Caput VI: Chapter VI. Proving that the Church is one, and on its manifold unity.

Caput VII: Chapter VII. In which objections are raised against what was said on the unity of the Church.

Caput VIII: Chapter VIII. In which the objections raised are answered.

Caput IX: Chapter IX. In which it is shown that the Church is holy.

Caput X: Chapter X. In which objections are raised against what was said on the holiness of the Church.

Caput XI: Chapter XI. In which the objections raised are answered.

Caput XII: Chapter XII. In which a certain way of speaking about the holiness of the Church is disapproved.

Caput XIII: Chapter XIII. That the Church is to be called Catholic.

Caput XIV: Chapter XIV. In which objections are raised against what was said, that the Christian faith is to be called Catholic.

Caput XV: Chapter XV. In which the arguments already made are answered.

Caput XVI: Chapter XVI. Where objections are raised against what was said, that the Church is to be called Catholic.

Caput XVII: Chapter XVII. In which the objections of the preceding chapter are answered.

Caput XVIII: Chapter XVIII. In which it is shown by arguments that the Church is called Apostolic.

Caput XIX: Chapter XIX. In which some objections are raised against what was said, that the Church is to be called Apostolic.

Caput XX: Chapter XX. How the words 'We believe in one holy Church' are to be understood.

Caput XXI: Chapter XXI. In which the error of those who say that men can be saved outside the unity of this holy Catholic and Apostolic Church is refuted.

Caput XXII: Chapter XXII. When the Church began, and on its ages.

Caput XXIII: Chapter XXIII. In which objections are raised against what was said on the antiquity of the Church.

Caput XXIV: Chapter XXIV. In which the solution to the arguments of the preceding chapter is given.

Caput XXV: Chapter XXV. From whom the Church began.

Caput XXVI: Chapter XXVI. In which objections are raised against the foregoing.

Caput XXVII: Chapter XXVII. In which the objections already made are answered.

Caput XXVIII: Chapter XXVIII. That after the Church began it has not ceased to be, and that in it faith, holiness, doctrine, prelacy, and the sacraments will endure to the end of the age.

Caput XXIX: Chapter XXIX. In which some objections are raised against what was said on the duration of the Church.

Caput XXX: Chapter XXX. In which the objections already made are answered.

Caput XXXI: Chapter XXXI. Why the Church is called heaven, earth, field, and net.

Caput XXXII: Chapter XXXII. On the reasons why the holy Church is called the vineyard of God, and the garden, fountain, and well of living waters.

Caput XXXIII: Chapter XXXIII. In which the reasons are given why the Church is called Ship, House, City, and an army in battle array.

Caput XXXIV: Chapter XXXIV. On the reasons why the Church is called a Kingdom, and on the twelve things by which the glory of the magnificence of the kingdom of the Church is shown.

Caput XXXV: Chapter XXXV. On the reasons why the Church is called the tabernacle and temple of God.

Caput XXXVI: Chapter XXXVI. On the reasons why the Church is called Woman, Beloved, and Dove, Perfect, Sister, and Daughter.

Caput XXXVII: Chapter XXXVII. Why she is also called bride, and on the time of her espousal.

Caput XXXVIII: Chapter XXXVIII. In which the solution to a certain difficulty concerning what was said on the time of the espousal of the Church is given.

Caput XXXIX: Chapter XXXIX. On the gifts and presents with which Christ adorned his bride the Church, singularly even above the angels.

Caput XL: Chapter XL. That the Church is called the spouse of Christ and the mother of the faithful.

Caput XLI: Chapter XLI. That although the Church is said to be the spouse of Christ and the mother of all the faithful, she does not cease to be wholly a virgin.

Caput XLII: Chapter XLII. That the Church is called queen.

Caput XLIII: Chapter XLIII. On the reasons why the Church is called a body, namely the mystical body of Christ.

Caput XLIV: Chapter XLIV. On the variety of the members of the Church and their signification.

Caput XLV: Chapter XLV. In which objections are raised against what was said on the head of the body of the Church.

Caput XLVI: Chapter XLVI. In which the objections already made are answered.

Caput XLVII: Chapter XLVII. In which it is shown how Christ can be called a member of the Church, and how not.

Caput XLVIII: Chapter XLVIII. That Christ as man was the head of the faithful, not only of those who came after the Incarnation, but also of those who from the beginning preceded the Incarnation.

Caput XLIX: Chapter XLIX. In which objections are raised against what was said, that Christ as man was the head of the faithful who preceded the Incarnation.

Caput L: Chapter L. In which the objections already raised are answered.

Caput LI: Chapter LI. In which, on the foregoing, one recent error is refuted.

Caput LII: Chapter LII. In which it is shown how it belongs to Christ alone as God to be head of the Church, and how not to him alone but to others.

Caput LIII: Chapter LIII. In which it is shown that Christ is head of the faithful not only as to souls but also as to bodies.

Caput LIV: Chapter LIV. In which the opinion of some is set out, with their arguments, who say that only the elect are members of Christ or of the mystical body which is the holy Church of God.

Caput LV: Chapter LV. In which the aforesaid opinion is refuted, with its foundations.

Caput LVI: Chapter LVI. In which two other ways of speaking or of marking out the members of the body of Christ are set out.

Caput LVII: Chapter LVII. In which the truth of the difficulty raised is shown: namely, of which men Christ is head, and who are to be called members of his body, which is the Church.

Caput LVIII: Chapter LVIII. In which the objections made to the contrary by those who say that only the elect are members of the body of Christ are answered.

Caput LIX: Chapter LIX. In which the arguments of the others are answered, who in second and third place spoke otherwise concerning the members of Christ in ch. 56.

Caput LX: Chapter LX. In which it is shown what the union of the members of the Church with one another is, and on the manner of the union of the members with the head.

Caput LXI: Chapter LXI. In which it is shown what the efficient cause of this union of the members of the Church with one another is.

Caput LXII: Chapter LXII. In which it is shown whether the true body of Christ is better than the mystical body of Christ, or the converse.

Caput LXIII: Chapter LXIII. On the quality and manner of the union by which the body of Christ which is the Church is said to be united to Christ the head.

Caput LXIV: Chapter LXIV. How the saying that Christ and his body which is the Church are one man is to be understood.

Caput LXV: Chapter LXV. How the saying that Christ and his body which is the Church are one person is to be understood.

Caput LXVI: Chapter LXVI. How the saying of the saints that Christ and his body which is the Church are one Christ is to be understood.

Caput LXVII: Chapter LXVII. How the saying of the saints that the body of Christ, indeed that any member of it, is Christ is to be understood.

Caput LXVIII: Chapter LXVIII. How the predications of those things said of Christ in Sacred Scripture by reason of the aforesaid mystical unity are to be understood.

Caput LXIX: Chapter LXIX. On the fittingness of the distinction and manifold variety of states and offices in the Church.

Caput LXX: Chapter LXX. In which objections are raised against the variety and diversity of states and offices in the Church of God.

Caput LXXI: Chapter LXXI. In which the answer to the objections already made against the variety and diversity of states and offices in the Church of God is given.

Caput LXXII: Chapter LXXII. On the threefold diversity principally found in the body of the Church.

Caput LXXIII: Chapter LXXIII. What is meant by the name state.

Caput LXXIV: Chapter LXXIV. That the difference of states pertaining to spiritual servitude or liberty is reckoned according to beginners, proficients, and the perfect.

Caput LXXV: Chapter LXXV. In which it is shown to whom it belongs to be perfect, and to whom it belongs to be in the state of perfection.

Caput LXXVI: Chapter LXXVI. That it properly belongs to the greater prelates of the Church, to bishops, and to religious to be in the state of perfection.

Caput LXXVII: Chapter LXXVII. In which objections are raised against what was said on the perfection of the pontifical state and of religious.

Caput LXXVIII: Chapter LXXVIII. In which the arguments already made in the preceding chapter are answered.

Caput LXXIX: Chapter LXXIX. In which the arguments on the distinction between bishop and priest are set out, namely whether it held always from their institution.

Caput LXXX: Chapter LXXX. That the lord Cardinals of the holy Roman Church are in the state of perfection.

Caput LXXXI: Chapter LXXXI. In which the reasons are given why the state of the lord Cardinals of the holy Roman Church is to be preferred in honour to the other prelates of the Church.

Caput LXXXII: Chapter LXXXII. In which objections are raised against the state of the lord Cardinals.

Caput LXXXIII: Chapter LXXXIII. In which the objections made against the state and dignity of the lord Cardinals are answered.

Caput LXXXIV: Chapter LXXXIV. On the threefold order in the state of the Cardinals of the holy Roman Church.

Caput LXXXV: Chapter LXXXV. On the variety and difference of offices in the Church of God.

Caput LXXXVI: Chapter LXXXVI. On the variety and distinction of grades in the Church of God.

Caput LXXXVII: Chapter LXXXVII. On the twofold power in the Christian commonwealth, namely spiritual and earthly.

Caput LXXXVIII: Chapter LXXXVIII. In which objections are raised against what was said on the twofold power to be given in the whole of the Christian commonwealth, secular and spiritual.

Caput LXXXIX: Chapter LXXXIX. In which the answers to the objections made in the preceding chapter against the twofold power in the whole body of the faithful are given.

Caput XC: Chapter XC. On the manifold eminence by which the spiritual power surpasses the secular power.

Caput XCI: Chapter XCI. In which some objections are raised against what was said on the preeminence of the spiritual power over the secular.

Against some of the things said concerning the preeminence of the spiritual power over the secular, the adversaries raise many objections. And first it is argued that it does not excel in antiquity of time, thus: The earthly or secular power was earlier in time than the priesthood; therefore the secular power precedes the spiritual in antiquity of time, and not the other way round. The consequence is clear; the antecedent is shown from three things. First, from what blessed Aug. says in book 15 of the City of God, that Cain before the flood was the first lord among men, at which time there seems to have been no priesthood. Second, from this, that the kingdom seems to have begun in Nembroth, Gen. 10, in the time of the law of nature, although after the flood, whereas the priesthood began in Aaron in the time of the written law, as is found in Exod. 28; but there is no doubt that the time of the law of nature preceded the time of the written law. Third, from this, that the true priesthood seems to have begun in Christ, while true kingship by divine election long before the incarnation of Christ, as it began in Saul, as is found in 1 Kings 10. And so it seems that the earthly or secular power preceded the priesthood, and consequently the spiritual power.

Second, that the spiritual power does not excel the secular in nobility of origin is argued thus: Where the origin is one and the same, neither seems to excel the other in nobility of origin; but the spiritual and the secular power have one and the same origin, namely God, as the Apostle says to the Rom. 13: There is no power but from God. On account of which he adds: He that resisteth the power resisteth the ordination of God. Whence empire and priesthood have come forth from the same principle, in the Authentics, on how bishops ought, etc., in the beginning, col. 2; and therefore it follows that on the part of origin there is no preeminence of one power over the other.

Third, it is argued that the spiritual power does not excel the secular in dignity, since, as is said in 1 Pet. 2: Be subject to every human creature for God's sake, whether to the king as excelling, where blessed Peter seems to assert that the royal power excels the other powers in dignity.

Fourth, it is argued that the spiritual power does not surpass in greatness of authority: for if, because the secular royal power is anointed and blessed by the spiritual power, the spiritual power is to be said to surpass in greatness of authority, it would follow that the bishop of Ostia, who consecrates the supreme pontiff, would have to be said to be greater in authority than the supreme pontiff, which is not true; therefore neither does our argument made in the case proposed seem to hold.

Fifth, it is argued that the spiritual power does not excel the secular in causality, thus: Both these powers are from God immediately; therefore one of them does not depend on the other in causality. The consequence is clear; the antecedent is known as to the spiritual power, while as to the secular it is found in ch. Quaesitum, 23, q. 4, where Innocent says that the imperial power was granted by God, that the sword was permitted for the vengeance of the wicked, and was given by the ministry of God.

Sixth, it is argued that the spiritual power does not excel the secular in greatness of jurisdiction, so that it can judge it when erring: the Gloss on that of Ps. 50, Against thee only have I sinned, says thus: because the king is superior to all, therefore he is to be punished only by God, who is greater than he. If anyone of the people has erred, he has sinned against God and the king; but the king has no man to judge his deeds. Therefore it does not seem that the spiritual power can punish the secular power, such as a king or emperor.

Seventh, it is argued that the spiritual power does not excel the secular in superiority of prelation or dominion, thus: Tribute is paid through someone to another only to one greater or superior, whence the payment of tribute seems to be a proof of subjection, as is found both from ch. Magnum, 11, q. 1, and from ch. 1, Extra, on census; but the Church pays tribute to the Emperor, as in ch. Si tributum, 11, q. 1; therefore it seems that the spiritual power does not stand above the earthly in greatness of prelation or dominion, but rather the other way round. Eighth, it is argued that the spiritual power does not stand above the secular in superiority of principate, thus: Moses, who was the first leader of the people of Israel and as it were emperor, was superior to Aaron, who was the supreme pontiff of the people of Israel; therefore the secular principate is superior to the spiritual. The consequence seems clear. The antecedent is clear from this, that by the power of Moses Aaron was chosen into the priesthood, according to that of Exod. 24: Take unto thee also Aaron thy brother with his sons, that he may exercise the priesthood unto me.

Caput XCII: Chapter XCII. In which the arguments made above against the preeminence of the spiritual power over the secular are answered.

Caput XCIII: Chapter XCIII. In which, on the sacramental or ordinal power and the jurisdictional power, twelve conclusions are set out.

Caput XCIV: Chapter XCIV. In which some objections are raised against some of the conclusions set out in the preceding chapter.

Caput XCV: Chapter XCV. In which the objections made in the preceding chapter will be answered.

Caput XCVI: Chapter XCVI. In which, after the distinction of the power of jurisdiction, twelve conclusions are set out.

Caput XCVII: Chapter XCVII. In which some objections are raised against some of the conclusions set out in the preceding chapter.

Caput XCVIII: Chapter XCVIII. In which the objections made in the preceding chapter are answered.

Caput XCIX: Chapter XCIX. Showing that the spiritual power of the keys is common to good priests and bad alike.

Caput C: Chapter C. In which some objections of the adversaries are raised against what was said in the preceding chapter.

Caput CI: Chapter CI. In which the answers to the objections made are given.

Liber II: Book II — On the Roman Church and the Primacy of Its Pontiff

Caput I: Chapter I. Showing that in the Church there is order.

Caput II: Chapter II. Showing that such order is and ought to be in the Church that one superior prince and ruler exists in it.

Caput III: Chapter III. In which some objections of the adversaries are raised against the foregoing, on the unity of one president and head in the Church.

Caput IV: Chapter IV. In which the aforesaid reply of the adversaries is refuted, and their arguments are answered.

Caput V: Chapter V. In which it is shown by manifold testimony of Sacred Scripture that blessed Peter held the primacy among the Apostles.

Caput VI: Chapter VI. In which some arguments are brought to the same end, namely to prove that Peter the Apostle held primacy over the Apostles.

Caput VII: Chapter VII. In which certain refutations of the adversaries are set out against the foundations adduced in ch. 5 for the primacy of blessed Peter.

Caput VIII: Chapter VIII. In which other arguments of the adversaries against the primacy of blessed Peter, taken from the Gospels, are set out.

Caput IX: Chapter IX. In which some arguments of the adversaries collected from the epistles of blessed Paul are set out.

Caput X: Chapter X. In which are the arguments of the adversaries against the primacy of Peter taken from the Acts of the Apostles.

Caput XI: Chapter XI. In which the refutations made against the foundations adduced in ch. 7 for the primacy of blessed Peter are answered.

Caput XII: Chapter XII. In which the arguments made above in ch. 8 against the primacy of blessed Peter, which seemed to be taken from the Gospel, are answered.

Caput XIII: Chapter XIII. In which the arguments taken from the epistles of Paul are answered.

Caput XIV: Chapter XIV. In which the arguments of the adversaries taken in ch. 10 from the Acts of the Apostles are answered.

Caput XV: Chapter XV. That blessed Peter held principate not only among the Apostles but over all the faithful in the whole world.

Caput XVI: Chapter XVI. In which the objections of the adversaries are set out against what was said, that the Roman Pontiff holds the primacy of the universal Church, with the reply to them.

Caput XVII: Chapter XVII. By which arguments blessed Peter is called the foundation of the Church.

Caput XVIII: Chapter XVIII. In which certain objections of the adversaries are set out against what was said, that Peter the Apostle is truly called the foundation of the Catholic Church.

Caput XIX: Chapter XIX. In which the above objections of the adversaries are answered.

Caput XX: Chapter XX. That blessed Peter was head of the holy and universal Church.

Caput XXI: Chapter XXI. In which the objections of the adversaries are set out against what was said, that blessed Peter was head of the universal Church.

Caput XXII: Chapter XXII. In which the aforesaid sentence of the adversaries is disproved, and it is shown how the character of head with respect to the Church belongs to Peter and to his successor.

Caput XXIII: Chapter XXIII. In which the objections of the adversaries are answered against the claim that blessed Peter was head of the holy Catholic Church.

Caput XXIV: Chapter XXIV. On the error of some who say that Peter was not head of the universal Church, though indeed of the several particular churches.

Caput XXV: Chapter XXV. In which the aforesaid error of the adversaries is disproved.

Caput XXVI: Chapter XXVI. In which the arguments brought in favour of the aforesaid error are answered.

Caput XXVII: Chapter XXVII. That the Pope is in some sense to be called the spouse of the universal Church.

Caput XXVIII: Chapter XXVIII. In which it is objected that the Pope cannot be called the spouse of the universal Church, and the objections are answered.

Caput XXIX: Chapter XXIX. On the time when blessed Peter was by Christ raised and consecrated with pontifical authority.

Caput XXX: Chapter XXX. In which some objections are raised against the foregoing.

Caput XXXI: Chapter XXXI. In which the aforesaid objections are answered.

Caput XXXII: Chapter XXXII. That Peter alone among the Apostles was by Christ immediately ordained and made bishop.

Caput XXXIII: Chapter XXXIII. In which some objections are raised against the foregoing.

Caput XXXIV: Chapter XXXIV. In which the objections made in the preceding chapter are answered.

Caput XXXV: Chapter XXXV. That someone had to succeed blessed Peter in the amplitude of the apostolic princedom in the Church until the consummation of the age.

Caput XXXVI: Chapter XXXVI. That the one succeeding blessed Peter in the primacy and amplitude of the apostolic dignity is the Roman Pontiff.

Caput XXXVII: Chapter XXXVII. That the Roman Pontiff is the Vicar of Christ and holds his place on earth.

Caput XXXVIII: Chapter XXXVIII. That the Roman Pontiff received the primacy and amplitude of his dignity from Christ immediately.

Caput XXXIX: Chapter XXXIX. In which objections are raised against the foregoing.

Caput XL: Chapter XL. In which the arguments made above are answered, that the Roman Pontiff received the primacy by the ordination of the Apostles.

Caput XLI: Chapter XLI. In which the objections of the adversaries are answered, that the Roman Pontiff received the primacy by the ordination and disposition of priests or of councils.

Caput XLII: Chapter XLIII. In which the answers to the objections of the adversaries are given, who say that the Roman Pontiff holds the primacy over the others by the disposition and gift of Constantine.

Caput XLIII: Chapter XLIV. In which the arguments of the adversaries are answered, who say that the primacy of the Roman Pontiff depends on the Cardinals.

Caput XLIV: Chapter XLV. That the papal power can by no other than God be restricted or enlarged.

Caput XLV: Chapter XLVI. On the error of certain adversaries who say that the Pope does not have coercive jurisdiction over the faithful, and on their arguments.

Caput XLVI: Chapter XLVI. In which the aforesaid error is disproved.

Caput XLVII: Chapter XLVII. In which the objections of the adversaries set out above are answered.

Caput XLVIII: Chapter XLVIII. That the Roman Pontiff is to be obeyed and submitted to by all the faithful of Christ.

Caput XLIX: Chapter XLIX. In which objections are raised against the foregoing on the obedience owed to the Roman Pontiff, and they are answered.

Caput L: Chapter L. On the error of those who say that papal statutes need not be obeyed.

Caput LI: Chapter LI. On the reasons why the successors of Peter, the Roman Pontiffs, are raised to the pontificate more by election than by succession of the flesh or by the appointment of a predecessor.

Caput LII: Chapter LII. That the Roman Pontiff has fullness of power in the Church of God, with an exposition of the matters in which it is chiefly shown.

Caput LIII: Chapter LIII. That the Roman Pontiff alone in the Church of God has fullness of power.

Caput LIV: Chapter LIV. That the jurisdictional power of all prelates of the Church is derived from the Pope or the Apostolic See mediately or immediately. The first way is argued, namely from the order of the other Apostles to Peter.

Caput LV: Chapter LV. In which the same conclusion is proved by the second way, namely by arguments.

Caput LVI: Chapter LVI. In which the same conclusion is proved by the third way, namely from the unfitting consequences following from the contrary way of speaking.

Caput LVII: Chapter LVII. In which objection is raised against the aforesaid conclusion by the adversaries, from the order of the Apostles to Peter.

Caput LVIII: Chapter LVIII. In which objection is raised against the aforesaid conclusion by the adversaries, by way of arguments.

Caput LIX: Chapter LIX. In which objection is raised against the aforesaid conclusion, in particular concerning parish priests.

Caput LX: Chapter LX. In which the objections of the adversaries are set out, taken from the unfitting consequences said to follow from the aforesaid conclusion.

Caput LXI: Chapter LXI. In which the objections of the adversaries taken from the side of the Apostles are answered.

Caput LXII: Chapter LXII. In which the second objections of the adversaries, on the arguments, are answered.

Caput LXIII: Chapter LXIII. In which the objections adduced for parish priests above in ch. 59 are answered.

Caput LXIV: Chapter LXIV. In which the objections of the adversaries taken from the side of the unfitting consequences said to follow from the aforesaid conclusion are answered.

Caput LXV: Chapter LXV. That the Pope is the immediate prelate and judge of all the faithful, and can do in the whole world whatever inferior prelates can do.

Caput LXVI: Chapter LXVI. In which objection is raised against the foregoing.

Caput LXVII: Chapter LXVII. In which the objections of the adversaries already made are answered.

Caput LXVIII: Chapter LXVIII. That besides the Roman Pontiff other prelates are necessary in the Church.

Caput LXIX: Chapter LXIX. That all other ecclesiastical powers in the Church of God besides the papal are subject to the power of the Roman Pontiff as to obedience to precepts, as to correction, and as to assistance in necessities.

Caput LXX: Chapter LXX. In which objection is raised against what was said above, that the Roman Pontiff alone in the Church has fullness of power.

Caput LXXI: Chapter LXXI. In which the aforesaid conclusion of the adversaries is attacked, who say that fullness of power in the Church resides in another than the Roman Pontiff.

Caput LXXII: Chapter LXXII. In which the true understanding is given of the saying of the holy fathers that the keys were given to the universal Church.

Caput LXXIII: Chapter LXXIII. In which the arguments founded on the first supposition are answered.

Caput LXXIV: Chapter LXXIV. In which the answer to the arguments founded on the second supposition is given.

Caput LXXV: Chapter LXXV. In which the arguments founded on the third supposition are answered, where also the manifold way in which something is said to figure or represent the person of another is treated.

Caput LXXVI: Chapter LXXVI. In which the authorities and arguments founded on the fourth supposition are answered.

Caput LXXVII: Chapter LXXVII. In which the objections founded on the fifth supposition are answered.

Caput LXXVIII: Chapter LXXVIII. In which what is adduced in the sixth supposition is answered.

Caput LXXIX: Chapter LXXIX. In which the truth of the seventh supposition of the adversaries is to be examined, with the variety of what they conclude from it.

Caput LXXX: Chapter LXXX. That the Roman Pontiff by jurisdictional authority and power is superior to and greater than the whole universal Church.

Caput LXXXI: Chapter LXXXI. In which objection is raised by the adversaries against the foregoing.

Caput LXXXII: Chapter LXXXII. In which the first objection is answered.

Caput LXXXIII: Chapter LXXXIII. In which the second objection is answered.

Caput LXXXIV: Chapter LXXXIV. In which the third objection is answered.

Caput LXXXV: Chapter LXXXV. In which the fourth objection is answered, taken from the fact that greater wisdom and charity reside with the Church.

Caput LXXXVI: Chapter LXXXVI. In which the fifth objection is answered, taken from the fact that the Church is called the mother of the faithful.

Caput LXXXVII: Chapter LXXXVII. In which the sixth argument is answered, taken from the fact that the Church is called lady.

Caput LXXXVIII: Chapter LXXXVIII. In which the seventh objection is answered, taken from the fact that the Church is lady of ecclesiastical goods.

Caput LXXXIX: Chapter LXXXIX. In which the eighth objection is answered, taken from the fact that the Church is called queen.

Caput XC: Chapter XC. In which the ninth objection is answered, taken from the fact that the Church is called the bride of Christ.

Caput XCI: Chapter XCI. In which the tenth objection is answered, taken from the fact that the Church cannot err.

Caput XCII: Chapter XCII. In which the last objection is answered, founded on Matt. 18, 'Tell the Church.'

Caput XCIII: Chapter XCIII. That the Roman Pontiff outside the case of heresy has no superior judge on earth.

Caput XCIV: Chapter XCIV. In which objection is raised against the foregoing, first that the Emperor is the ordinary judge of the Pope.

Caput XCV: Chapter XCV. In which the aforesaid error is refuted, of those who say that the Emperor or the secular power is the ordinary judge of the Pope.

Caput XCVI: Chapter XCVI. In which the objections of the adversaries are answered, of those who say that the Emperor or the secular power is not the ordinary judge of the Pope.

Caput XCVII: Chapter XCVII. In which the arguments of the adversaries are set out, to prove that the Pope outside the case of heresy has a judge on earth, namely the universal Church.

Caput XCVIII: Chapter XCVIII. In which the answers of the adversaries given to the authorities of the holy fathers and the laws adduced for our conclusion are rejected, and their objections taken from authorities of Sacred Scripture are answered.

Caput XCIX: Chapter XCIX. In which the objections of the adversaries founded on the decrees of the Council of Constance are answered.

Caput C: Chapter C. In which the objections of the adversaries taken from the decrees of the Council of Basel are answered.

Caput CI: Chapter CI. In which the objections of the adversaries taken from the authorities of the doctors are answered.

Caput CII: Chapter CII. In which the objections of the adversaries taken from arguments are answered, and how the Pope by publicly preached and obstinately defended heresy falls from the papacy.

Caput CIII: Chapter CIII. In which the objections of the adversaries taken from the deeds and examples of earlier times are answered.

Caput CIV: Chapter CIV. That the Roman Pontiff cannot submit himself to another or grant power such that anyone could as his judge use the key of exterior judgment upon him.

Caput CV: Chapter CV. In which some objections of the adversaries are set out and answered.

Caput CVI: Chapter CVI. On remedies against a Pope who by his depraved morals scandalizes the Church.

Caput CVII: Chapter CVII. That it belongs to the Roman Pontiff to determine matters of faith, to interpret the sense of Sacred Scripture, and to approve or reprobate the sayings or works of the other fathers of the Church.

Caput CVIII: Chapter CVIII. That the decrees or decretals of the Roman Pontiffs are to be received venerably by all the faithful.

Caput CIX: Chapter CIX. That the judgment of the Apostolic See in matters of faith and necessary to human salvation cannot err.

Caput CX: Chapter CX. In which the aforesaid privilege of the Apostolic See is proved and confirmed by arguments.

Caput CXI: Chapter CXI. In which objection is raised against what was said on the infallibility of the judgment of the Apostolic See in matters of faith, and on the firmness of faith ever to remain in the Roman Church.

Caput CXII: Chapter CXII. In which the aforesaid objections of the adversaries are answered.

Caput CXIII: Chapter CXIII. On the jurisdiction which the Roman Pontiff has in temporal things.

Caput CXIV: Chapter CXIV. In which it is expounded how it belongs to the Roman Pontiff by right of his princedom to have jurisdiction over temporal things in the whole Christian world.

Caput CXV: Chapter CXV. In which some objections of the adversaries are set out against what was said on the power and jurisdiction of the Pope in temporal things.

Caput CXVI: Chapter CXVI. In which the aforesaid objections are answered.

Liber III: Book III — On the Universal Councils

Caput I: Chapter I. What is meant by the name council.

Caput II: Chapter II. On the origin of the celebration of councils in the Church.

Caput III: Chapter III. On the manifold kinds of councils in the Church.

Caput IV: Chapter IV. On the time when universal councils began to be celebrated in the Church.

Caput V: Chapter V. What by definition is called a universal council of the Catholic Church.

Caput VI: Chapter VI. By whose authority a universal council is to be assembled.

Caput VII: Chapter VII. In which some objections are raised against the foregoing in the preceding chapter, on the authority for convoking universal councils.

Caput VIII: Chapter VIII. In which the objections already made are answered.

Caput IX: Chapter IX. On the causes of the assembling of universal councils.

Caput X: Chapter X. On the usefulness of the celebration of councils.

Caput XI: Chapter XI. That the personal presence of the Roman Pontiff is not necessarily required in universal councils.

Caput XII: Chapter XII. Who must necessarily be called to universal councils.

Caput XIII: Chapter XIII. In which objections are raised against what has been said.

Caput XIV: Chapter XIV. In which the solution to the objections made is given.

Caput XV: Chapter XV. Who are to be admitted to a universal council, and who not.

Caput XVI: Chapter XVI. Whether all the greater prelates of the whole Christian world must necessarily be called to come to a universal council.

Caput XVII: Chapter XVII. In which some objections are raised against the foregoing.

Caput XVIII: Chapter XVIII. In which the answer to the above objections is given.

Caput XIX: Chapter XIX. On the quality of the prelates to be convoked to universal councils.

Caput XX: Chapter XX. On the punishment of prelates who, called to a council, disdain to come.

Caput XXI: Chapter XXI. On those who hinder the celebration of universal councils.

Caput XXII: Chapter XXII. Who ought to preside in a universal council.

Caput XXIII: Chapter XXIII. In which objection is raised by the adversaries against what was said on the presidency of the Roman Pontiff in a universal council.

Caput XXIV: Chapter XXIV. In which the objections set out in first place are answered.

Caput XXV: Chapter XXV. In which the objections set out in second place are answered.

Caput XXVI: Chapter XXVI. On what is to be observed at the very opening of the proceedings of a universal council.

Caput XXVII: Chapter XXVII. Against whom caution is to be taken in councils.

Caput XXVIII: Chapter XXVIII. That the authority of universal councils depends by right on the Roman Pontiff.

Caput XXIX: Chapter XXIX. In which some objections of the adversaries are set out against the foregoing.

Caput XXX: Chapter XXX. In which the aforesaid assertion of the adversaries is rejected, namely that a council has power immediately from Christ, not through the Roman Pontiff, and that this belongs to the truth of faith.

Caput XXXI: Chapter XXXI. In which the objections of the adversaries set out above are answered, to prove that a universal council has power immediately from Christ.

Caput XXXII: Chapter XXXII. That whatever in universal councils is established, defined, or done by sentence is done principally by the authority of the Roman Pontiff.

Caput XXXIII: Chapter XXXIII. On the laudable custom of the ancient councils, that no definition of any question pertaining to faith was made in synod without a decree of the Apostolic See first obtained.

Caput XXXIV: Chapter XXXIV. That universal councils were always wont to ask that their acts be confirmed by the Roman Pontiff.

Caput XXXV: Chapter XXXV. In which the objections of the adversaries are set out.

Caput XXXVI: Chapter XXXVI. In which the objections made are answered.

Caput XXXVII: Chapter XXXVII. On honouring the Supreme Pontiff by universal councils and all the faithful, and on the most grave guilt of those who dishonour him.

Caput XXXVIII: Chapter XXXVIII. On which causes a universal council ought to deal with.

Caput XXXIX: Chapter XXXIX. In which objection is raised against the foregoing.

Caput XL: Chapter XL. In which the aforesaid objections are answered.

Caput XLI: Chapter XLI. To what a universal council assembled or to be assembled, the Apostolic See being vacant, ought or can extend itself, and by what authority.

Caput XLII: Chapter XLII. In which objections are raised against the foregoing.

Caput XLIII: Chapter XLIII. In which the aforesaid objections of the adversaries are answered.

Caput XLIV: Chapter XLIV. In which it is shown that the Roman Pontiff by jurisdictional authority is superior to a universal council.

Caput XLV: Chapter XLV. In which the objections of the adversaries are set out.

Caput XLVI: Chapter XLVI. In which the aforesaid objections are answered.

Caput XLVII: Chapter XLVII. That it is not lawful to appeal from the Pope to a universal council.

Caput XLVIII: Chapter XLVIII. In which the objections of the adversaries are set out against the foregoing.

Caput XLIX: Chapter XLIX. In which the aforesaid objections of the adversaries are answered.

Caput L: Chapter L. That a universal council has no jurisdiction over the true and undoubted Roman Pontiff outside the case of heresy.

Caput LI: Chapter LI. That the Roman Pontiff is neither bound nor necessarily subject to the laws and statutes of universal councils.

Caput LII: Chapter LII. That a universal council cannot make an invalidating decree against the Roman Pontiff.

Caput LIII: Chapter LIII. That the interpretation of the sacred canons belongs to the Roman Pontiff.

Caput LIV: Chapter LIV. That to the Roman Pontiff chiefly belongs both the dispensation of the sacred canons and the moderation of the rules of the holy fathers.

Caput LV: Chapter LV. That the Roman Pontiff has authority to remove certain statutes both of sacred councils and of his predecessors.

Caput LVI: Chapter LVI. In which objection is raised by the adversaries against the foregoing.

Caput LVII: Chapter LVII. In which the aforesaid objections are answered.

Caput LVIII: Chapter LVIII. That a plenary universal council cannot err in matters of faith.

Caput LIX: Chapter LIX. In which objection is raised against the foregoing.

Caput LX: Chapter LX. In which the aforesaid objections are answered.

Caput LXI: Chapter LXI. In which it is shown that all the Apostles failed from his faith in the Passion of Christ.

Caput LXII: Chapter LXII. That it belongs to the Roman Pontiff to correct and condemn councils which happen to have proceeded to the ruin of faith or the scandal of the Church.

Caput LXIII: Chapter LXIII. On the order of councils among themselves: which is to be followed if they are found to disagree or be discordant with one another.

Caput LXIV: Chapter LXIV. By whose judgment it is to be stood if in a universal council the fathers and the Pope or his legate happen to disagree.

Caput LXV: Chapter LXV. Which party of the fathers of a council is to be followed if dissension happens to arise among them.

Caput LXVI: Chapter LXVI. That the Pope can transfer an assembled council from place to place, if a reasonable cause so requires.

Caput LXVII: Chapter LXVII. That the Roman Pontiff, a legitimate or reasonable cause existing, can by his authority dissolve a universal council even against its will.

Caput LXVIII: Chapter LXVIII. In which objection is raised by the adversaries against the foregoing.

Caput LXIX: Chapter LXIX. In which the objections made are answered.

Liber IV: Book IV — On schismatics and heretics

Pars I: Part I — On Schism and Schismatics

Caput I: Chapter I. What schism is.

Caput II: Chapter II. In which objection is raised against what was set out in the preceding chapter.

Caput III: Chapter III. In which the objections made are answered.

Caput IV: Chapter IV. In which it is shown how schism differs from heresy.

Caput V: Chapter V. On the gravity of the sin of schism or of schismatics.

Caput VI: Chapter VI. On the difference in gravity of sin between schism and heresy.

Caput VII: Chapter VII. What spiritual power remains in schismatics.

Caput VIII: Chapter VIII. On the punishment of schismatics.

Caput IX: Chapter IX. Which schisms there have been in the Church.

Caput X: Chapter X. On the manifold way of settling or removing schisms.

Caput XI: Chapter XI. In which it is shown whether the Pope can fall into schism or be schismatic.

Caput XII: Chapter XII. On the opinion of some that to remove schism the true and undoubted Pope can be compelled to resign, or if unwilling to resign can be deposed.

Caput XIII: Chapter XIII. What in the aforesaid question seems to be said according to truth, with the answer to the arguments to the contrary.

Caput XIV: Chapter XIV. Whether all adherents of an intruder or antipope are to be called schismatic.

Caput XV: Chapter XV. On the form of abjuration of schism to be observed when someone returns to the unity of the Church.

Pars II: Part II — On Heresy and Heretics

Caput I: Chapter I. In which it is shown what heresy is.

Caput II: Chapter II. In which some objections are raised against the aforesaid definition of heresy.

Caput III: Chapter III. In which the aforesaid objections are answered.

Caput IV: Chapter IV. That heresy is to be placed in the intellect as in its subject, and on the difference between heresy, sect, and superstition.

Caput V: Chapter V. On the saying of the Apostle, 'There must be heresies,' and what benefit accrues to the Church from them.

Caput VI: Chapter VI. On the threefold kind of things to be believed to which heresy extends.

Caput VII: Chapter VII. In which objection is raised against the foregoing, and the objections are answered.

Caput VIII: Chapter VIII. What is called Catholic truth.

Caput IX: Chapter IX. On the manifold kind or grade of Catholic truths.

Caput X: Chapter X. On the manifold species of heresies.

Caput XI: Chapter XI. On the manifold kind of damnable propositions.

Caput XII: Chapter XII. On the various ways in which someone is called a heretic.

Caput XIII: Chapter XIII. Who is properly to be called a heretic.

Caput XIV: Chapter XIV. In which objection is raised against the description of the heretic already given.

Caput XV: Chapter XV. In which the foregoing objections are answered.

Caput XVI: Chapter XVI. What obstinacy is, and on the twenty ways in which someone is presumed to err obstinately against the faith.

Caput XVII: Chapter XVII. On the hearers of diverse masters holding contrary opinions: whether they are excused from sin in following their opinions, even if they are against the truth of the Catholic faith.

Caput XVIII: Chapter XVIII. In which it is investigated whether every ecclesiastical prelate, whether Pope or anyone else, by the very fact of having become truly and properly a heretic is deprived of prelacy.

Caput XIX: Chapter XIX. In which the contrary opinion of others is set out, with objections against the first opinion.

Caput XX: Chapter XX. In which the arguments made for the second opinion are answered.

Caput XXI: Chapter XXI. Who are called believers of heretics, their favourers, receivers, and defenders.

Caput XXII: Chapter XXII. On the form of abjuration to be observed by heretics when they happen to return to the faith and to the Church.

Caput XXIII: Chapter XXIII. In which the various ancient heresies condemned by the Church of God are narrated, first those in the first Synod of Nicaea.

Caput XXIV: Chapter XXIV. In which the heresies condemned in the Roman council celebrated at Rome after the Nicene council are narrated.

Caput XXV: Chapter XXV. In which the errors condemned in the Council of Gangra are set out.

Caput XXVI: Chapter XXVI. In which the heresies condemned in the second universal Synod are set out.

Caput XXVII: Chapter XXVII. In which the errors condemned in the Milevitan council are set out.

Caput XXVIII: Chapter XXVIII. In which the errors condemned in the third universal Synod, namely Ephesus, are set out.

Caput XXIX: Chapter XXIX. In which the heresies condemned in the fourth universal Synod are set out.

Caput XXX: Chapter XXX. In which the errors condemned in the Toledan Synod are set out.

Caput XXXI: Chapter XXXI. In which the heresies condemned in the fifth universal Synod are set out.

Caput XXXII: Chapter XXXII. In which the errors condemned in the first Bracaran Synod are set out.

Caput XXXIII: Chapter XXXIII. In which the heresies condemned in the sixth universal Synod, and the seventh, are set out.

Caput XXXIV: Chapter XXXIV. On the heresies described by Isidore in the book of the Etymologies, and set out in the Decree, which are said to have been condemned by the Apostles, the holy fathers, or councils.

Caput XXXV: Chapter XXXV. On the errors and heresies condemned in the Decretals.

Caput XXXVI: Chapter XXXVI. In which the heresies condemned in the Sixth Book and in the Clementines are set out.

Caput XXXVII: Chapter XXXVII. In which the errors and heresies condemned in the Extravagants of Alexander IV and Honorius are set out.

Caput XXXVIII: Chapter XXXVIII. On the errors and heresies of John Wyclif and John Hus condemned in the Council of Constance.

Epilogus I: The author's peroration

Appendix I: Apparatus on the decree of the Union of the Greeks

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