Universa Philosophia
Pedro Hurtado de Mendoza (1578–1641)
First published 1624
Hurtado de Mendoza, Universa Philosophia (Lyon 1624): the Summulae and the Logica through Disputatio VII, with an original English translation. The rest of the work follows in later append batches.
✦ This work is being completed — add a section.
Summulae
Instruction for the Beginner on the Method of Argument
§ 1
§ 2
§ 3
§ 4
§ 5
§ 6
§ 7
§ 8
§ 9
§ 10
§ 11
Disputatio I. On the Terms of Propositions, and Their Union.
Aristoteles primo Physicorum
Sectio I. What Are Subject, Predicate, and Union?
§ 1
§ 2
§ 3
§ 4
Sectio II. The Definition of Terms.
§ 5
§ 6
§ 7
§ 8
§ 9
§ 10
§ 11
§ 12
§ 13
§ 14
§ 15
§ 16
§ 17
§ 18
§ 19
§ 20
Sectio III. On Vocal, Written, and Mental Terms.
§ 21
§ 22
§ 23
§ 24
§ 25
§ 26
Sectio IV. On Significant and Non-Significant Terms.
§ 27
§ 28
§ 29
§ 30
§ 31
§ 32
§ 33
§ 34
§ 35
Signum significativum ad placitum
Sectio V. Divisions of the Mental Term.
§ 37
§ 38
§ 39
§ 40
§ 41
§ 42
§ 43
Sectio VI. On Universal, Particular, Confused, and Determinate, Superior, and Inferior Terms.
§ 44
§ 45
§ 46
§ 47
§ 48
§ 49
§ 50
§ 51
§ 52
§ 53
§ 54
§ 55
§ 56
§ 57
§ 58
§ 59
§ 60
§ 61
§ 62
§ 63
§ 64
§ 65
§ 66
Sectio VII. On Transcendent and Non-Transcendent Terms.
§ 67
§ 68
Sectio VIII. On Univocal, Equivocal, and Analogous Terms.
§ 69
§ 70
§ 71
§ 72
§ 73
Sectio IX. On Absolute and Connotative Terms.
§ 74
§ 75
§ 76
§ 77
§ 78
§ 79
§ 80
§ 81
§ 82
§ 83
§ 84
§ 85
§ 86
§ 87
Sectio X. On Categorematic and Syncategorematic Terms.
§ 88
Dices categorematicos significare
§ 90
§ 91
§ 92
Sectio XI. Concrete, Abstract, Complex, and Incomplex; Copulative and Non-Copulative Terms.
§ 93
§ 94
§ 95
§ 96
§ 97
§ 98
§ 99
§ 100
§ 101
§ 102
§ 103
Sectio XII. On Negative and Non-Negative Terms: Contrary and Contradictory.
§ 104
§ 105
§ 106
§ 107
§ 108
Sectio XIII. On Terms of First and Second Intention: Pertinent and Impertinent.
§ 109
§ 110
§ 111
Disputatio II. On the Properties of Terms.
Sectio I. On Supposition.
§ 1
§ 2
§ 3
§ 4
§ 5
§ 6
§ 7
§ 8
§ 9
§ 10
Sectio II. Formal and Material Supposition.
§ 11
§ 12
Sectio III. Simple and Personal Supposition.
§ 13
§ 14
§ 15
§ 16
§ 17
§ 18
§ 19
§ 20
Sectio IV. Common and Singular Supposition.
§ 21
§ 22
§ 23
Sectio V. Distributive, Copulate, Determinate, Natural, and Accidental Supposition.
§ 24
§ 25
§ 26
§ 27
§ 28
§ 29
§ 30
§ 31
§ 32
Sectio VI. On Ascent and Descent.
§ 33
§ 34
§ 35
§ 36
§ 37
§ 38
§ 39
§ 40
§ 41
§ 42
Sectio VII. On Ampliation, Restriction, Alienation, and Diminution.
§ 43
§ 44
§ 45
§ 46
§ 47
§ 48
§ 49
Sectio VIII. On Appellation.
§ 50
§ 51
§ 52
Disputatio III. On Speech, Its Parts, and Division.
Sectio I. On the Noun.
§ 1
§ 2
§ 3
§ 4
§ 5
§ 6
§ 7
§ 8
§ 9
§ 10
§ 11
Sectio II. On the Verb.
§ 12
§ 13
§ 14
§ 15
§ 16
§ 17
§ 18
Sectio III. On Speech.
§ 19
§ 20
§ 21
Disputatio IV. On the Proposition.
Sectio I. I Define the Proposition.
§ 1
§ 2
§ 3
Sectio II. On the Matter, Quality, and Quantity of the Proposition.
§ 4
§ 5
§ 6
Sectio III. Categorical, Hypothetical, Complex, and Incomplex Propositions.
§ 7
§ 8
§ 9
§ 10
§ 11
§ 12
Sectio IV. On the Equipollence of Simple Propositions.
§ 13
§ 14
Sectio V. On the Conversion of the Simple Proposition.
§ 15
§ 16
§ 17
§ 18
§ 19
Sectio VI. On the Opposition of the Simple Proposition.
§ 20
§ 21
§ 22
§ 23
Sectio VII. The Preceding Doctrine and the Rules of Opposites Explained.
§ 24
§ 25
§ 26
§ 27
§ 28
§ 29
§ 30
§ 31
§ 32
§ 33
Sectio VIII. On the Modal Proposition.
§ 34
§ 35
§ 36
§ 37
Sectio IX. Modal Propositions Explained and Described.
§ 38
§ 39
§ 40
§ 41
Sectio X. Why Are All Propositions of Each Figure Mutually Equipollent?
§ 42
§ 43
§ 44
§ 45
§ 46
Sectio XI. On the Quantity and Quality of Each Figure.
§ 47
§ 48
§ 49
§ 50
Sectio XII. On the Opposition of Each Figure to the Others.
§ 51
§ 52
§ 53
§ 54
§ 55
§ 56
§ 57
§ 58
§ 59
§ 60
Sectio XIII. On Exponible and Exclusive Propositions.
§ 61
§ 62
§ 63
§ 64
Sectio XIV. Difficulties Concerning This Doctrine.
§ 65
§ 66
§ 67
§ 68
§ 69
§ 70
§ 71
§ 72
§ 73
§ 74
Sectio XV. On Exceptive and Reduplicative Propositions.
§ 75
§ 76
Disputatio V. On the Method of Knowing.
§ 1
§ 2
Sectio I. On Definition.
§ 3
§ 4
§ 5
§ 6
Sectio II. On Division.
§ 7
§ 8
§ 9
§ 10
§ 11
§ 12
Sectio III. On Argumentation.
§ 13
§ 14
§ 15
§ 16
§ 17
§ 18
Sectio IV. On the Mode and Figure of the Syllogism.
§ 19
§ 20
§ 21
§ 22
§ 23
§ 24
§ 25
§ 26
§ 27
Sectio V. Ostensive Deduction of Syllogisms.
§ 28
§ 29
§ 30
§ 31
§ 32
§ 33
§ 34
§ 35
Sectio VI. Deduction of Syllogisms to the Impossible.
§ 36
§ 37
§ 38
§ 39
§ 40
§ 41
§ 42
§ 43
§ 44
§ 45
§ 46
§ 47
§ 48
Sectio VII. On Consequence.
§ 49
§ 50
§ 51
§ 52
§ 53
Some Terms Explained.
§ 1
§ 2
§ 3
§ 4
§ 5
§ 6
§ 7
§ 8
§ 9
§ 10
§ 11
§ 12
Logic
Disputatio I: Disputatio I. On the Object of Logic.
Sectio I. On Object and Subject in General.
§ 1
§ 2
§ 3
§ 4
§ 5
§ 6
§ 7
§ 8
§ 9
§ 10
§ 11
§ 12
§ 13
Sectio II. The Adequate Matter of Logic.
§ 14
§ 15
§ 16
§ 17
§ 18
§ 19
§ 20
Sectio III. Whether Words Are the Object of Logic?
§ 21
Subsectio I. Words are not the adequate object of logic.
§ 22
§ 23
§ 24
§ 25
§ 26
Subsectio II. That voices do not inadequately pertain to the logician either.
§ 27
§ 28
§ 29
§ 30
§ 31
§ 32
§ 33
§ 34
§ 35
§ 36
§ 37
§ 38
§ 39
§ 40
Sectio IV. Whether a Being of Reason Is the Object of Logic?
§ 41
§ 42
§ 43
§ 44
Subsectio I. Which beings of reason constitute the object of logic.
§ 45
§ 46
§ 47
§ 48
§ 49
§ 50
§ 51
§ 52
Subsectio II. Refutation of the first argument drawn from authority.
§ 53
§ 54
§ 55
§ 56
§ 57
§ 58
§ 59
Subsectio III. Arguments for the opinion of Soto and the other Thomists.
§ 60
§ 61
§ 62
§ 63
§ 64
§ 65
§ 66
§ 67
§ 68
§ 69
§ 70
Subsectio IV. The object of logic is real being.
§ 71
Therefore the object of logic is real being, not indeed of reason (as a being of reason is outside the range of real being as such). Which conclusion is handed down in express words by St. Thomas, cited in § 57 and 58, where he establishes the object of logic to be the acts of the intellect, just as he establishes the object of moral philosophy to be the acts of the will, and external actions the object of the mechanical art: but the philosophy of mechanics and morals considers those operations as they are real being: therefore St. Thomas established a real object for logic. The same opinion is that of Durandus, cited in § 46, establishing the object of dialectic to be the extrinsic denominations which he himself calls a being of reason. Father Toletus agrees, cited in § 46; Didacus Masius, cited in § 50; Father Fonseca, lib. 2 of the Metaphysics, chap. 3, and Father Suarez, 1 of the Metaphysics, disp. 1, sect. 4, n. 25, and tom. 2, disput. 39, at the beginning: but in disputation 54, at the beginning, he says that it is a dialectical error to think that a being of reason is the object of logic: the Conimbricense college in the preface to logic, q. 5, art. 2 and 3, and very many others.