Universa Philosophia
Pedro Hurtado de Mendoza (1578–1641)
First published 1624
Hurtado de Mendoza, Universa Philosophia (Lyon 1624): the Summulae and the Logica through Disputatio VII, with an original English translation. The rest of the work follows in later append batches.
✦ This work is being completed — add a section.
Summulae
Instruction for the Beginner on the Method of Argument
§ 1
§ 2
§ 3
§ 4
§ 5
§ 6
§ 7
§ 8
§ 9
§ 10
§ 11
Disputatio I. On the Terms of Propositions, and Their Union.
Aristoteles primo Physicorum
Sectio I. What Are Subject, Predicate, and Union?
§ 1
§ 2
§ 3
§ 4
Sectio II. The Definition of Terms.
§ 5
§ 6
§ 7
§ 8
§ 9
§ 10
§ 11
§ 12
§ 13
§ 14
§ 15
§ 16
§ 17
§ 18
§ 19
§ 20
Sectio III. On Vocal, Written, and Mental Terms.
§ 21
§ 22
§ 23
§ 24
§ 25
§ 26
Sectio IV. On Significant and Non-Significant Terms.
§ 27
§ 28
§ 29
§ 30
§ 31
§ 32
§ 33
§ 34
§ 35
Signum significativum ad placitum
Sectio V. Divisions of the Mental Term.
§ 37
§ 38
§ 39
§ 40
§ 41
§ 42
§ 43
Sectio VI. On Universal, Particular, Confused, and Determinate, Superior, and Inferior Terms.
§ 44
§ 45
§ 46
§ 47
§ 48
§ 49
§ 50
§ 51
§ 52
§ 53
§ 54
§ 55
§ 56
§ 57
§ 58
§ 59
§ 60
§ 61
§ 62
§ 63
§ 64
§ 65
§ 66
Sectio VII. On Transcendent and Non-Transcendent Terms.
§ 67
§ 68
Sectio VIII. On Univocal, Equivocal, and Analogous Terms.
§ 69
§ 70
§ 71
§ 72
§ 73
Sectio IX. On Absolute and Connotative Terms.
§ 74
§ 75
§ 76
§ 77
§ 78
§ 79
§ 80
§ 81
§ 82
§ 83
§ 84
§ 85
§ 86
§ 87
Sectio X. On Categorematic and Syncategorematic Terms.
§ 88
Dices categorematicos significare
§ 90
§ 91
§ 92
Sectio XI. Concrete, Abstract, Complex, and Incomplex; Copulative and Non-Copulative Terms.
§ 93
§ 94
§ 95
§ 96
§ 97
§ 98
§ 99
§ 100
§ 101
§ 102
§ 103
Sectio XII. On Negative and Non-Negative Terms: Contrary and Contradictory.
§ 104
§ 105
§ 106
§ 107
§ 108
Sectio XIII. On Terms of First and Second Intention: Pertinent and Impertinent.
§ 109
§ 110
§ 111
Disputatio II. On the Properties of Terms.
Sectio I. On Supposition.
§ 1
§ 2
§ 3
§ 4
§ 5
§ 6
§ 7
§ 8
§ 9
§ 10
Sectio II. Formal and Material Supposition.
§ 11
§ 12
Sectio III. Simple and Personal Supposition.
§ 13
§ 14
§ 15
§ 16
§ 17
§ 18
§ 19
§ 20
Sectio IV. Common and Singular Supposition.
§ 21
§ 22
§ 23
Sectio V. Distributive, Copulate, Determinate, Natural, and Accidental Supposition.
§ 24
§ 25
§ 26
§ 27
§ 28
§ 29
§ 30
§ 31
§ 32
Sectio VI. On Ascent and Descent.
§ 33
§ 34
§ 35
§ 36
§ 37
§ 38
§ 39
§ 40
§ 41
§ 42
Sectio VII. On Ampliation, Restriction, Alienation, and Diminution.
§ 43
§ 44
§ 45
§ 46
§ 47
§ 48
§ 49
Sectio VIII. On Appellation.
§ 50
§ 51
§ 52
Disputatio III. On Speech, Its Parts, and Division.
Sectio I. On the Noun.
§ 1
§ 2
§ 3
§ 4
§ 5
§ 6
§ 7
§ 8
§ 9
§ 10
§ 11
Sectio II. On the Verb.
§ 12
§ 13
§ 14
§ 15
§ 16
§ 17
§ 18
Sectio III. On Speech.
§ 19
§ 20
§ 21
Disputatio IV. On the Proposition.
Sectio I. I Define the Proposition.
§ 1
§ 2
§ 3
Sectio II. On the Matter, Quality, and Quantity of the Proposition.
§ 4
§ 5
§ 6
Sectio III. Categorical, Hypothetical, Complex, and Incomplex Propositions.
§ 7
§ 8
§ 9
§ 10
§ 11
§ 12
Sectio IV. On the Equipollence of Simple Propositions.
§ 13
§ 14
Sectio V. On the Conversion of the Simple Proposition.
§ 15
§ 16
§ 17
§ 18
§ 19
Sectio VI. On the Opposition of the Simple Proposition.
§ 20
§ 21
§ 22
§ 23
Sectio VII. The Preceding Doctrine and the Rules of Opposites Explained.
§ 24
§ 25
§ 26
§ 27
§ 28
§ 29
§ 30
§ 31
§ 32
§ 33
Sectio VIII. On the Modal Proposition.
§ 34
§ 35
§ 36
§ 37
Sectio IX. Modal Propositions Explained and Described.
§ 38
§ 39
§ 40
§ 41
Sectio X. Why Are All Propositions of Each Figure Mutually Equipollent?
§ 42
§ 43
§ 44
§ 45
§ 46
Sectio XI. On the Quantity and Quality of Each Figure.
§ 47
§ 48
§ 49
§ 50
Sectio XII. On the Opposition of Each Figure to the Others.
§ 51
§ 52
§ 53
§ 54
§ 55
§ 56
§ 57
§ 58
§ 59
§ 60
Sectio XIII. On Exponible and Exclusive Propositions.
§ 61
§ 62
§ 63
§ 64
Sectio XIV. Difficulties Concerning This Doctrine.
§ 65
§ 66
§ 67
§ 68
§ 69
§ 70
§ 71
§ 72
§ 73
§ 74
Sectio XV. On Exceptive and Reduplicative Propositions.
§ 75
§ 76
Disputatio V. On the Method of Knowing.
§ 1
§ 2
Sectio I. On Definition.
§ 3
§ 4
§ 5
§ 6
Sectio II. On Division.
§ 7
§ 8
§ 9
§ 10
§ 11
§ 12
Sectio III. On Argumentation.
§ 13
§ 14
§ 15
§ 16
§ 17
§ 18
Sectio IV. On the Mode and Figure of the Syllogism.
§ 19
§ 20
§ 21
§ 22
§ 23
§ 24
§ 25
§ 26
§ 27
Sectio V. Ostensive Deduction of Syllogisms.
§ 28
§ 29
§ 30
§ 31
§ 32
§ 33
§ 34
§ 35
Sectio VI. Deduction of Syllogisms to the Impossible.
§ 36
§ 37
§ 38
§ 39
§ 40
§ 41
§ 42
§ 43
§ 44
§ 45
§ 46
§ 47
§ 48
Sectio VII. On Consequence.
§ 49
§ 50
§ 51
§ 52
§ 53
Some Terms Explained.
§ 1
§ 2
§ 3
§ 4
§ 5
§ 6
§ 7
§ 8
§ 9
§ 10
§ 11
§ 12
Logic
Disputatio I: Disputatio I. On the Object of Logic.
Sectio I. On Object and Subject in General.
§ 1
§ 2
§ 3
§ 4
§ 5
§ 6
§ 7
§ 8
§ 9
§ 10
§ 11
§ 12
§ 13
Sectio II. The Adequate Matter of Logic.
§ 14
§ 15
§ 16
§ 17
§ 18
§ 19
§ 20
Sectio III. Whether Words Are the Object of Logic?
§ 21
Subsectio I. Words are not the adequate object of logic.
§ 22
§ 23
§ 24
§ 25
§ 26
Subsectio II. That voices do not inadequately pertain to the logician either.
§ 27
§ 28
§ 29
§ 30
§ 31
§ 32
§ 33
§ 34
§ 35
§ 36
§ 37
§ 38
§ 39
§ 40
Sectio IV. Whether a Being of Reason Is the Object of Logic?
§ 41
§ 42
§ 43
§ 44
Subsectio I. Which beings of reason constitute the object of logic.
§ 45
§ 46
§ 47
§ 48
§ 49
§ 50
§ 51
§ 52
Subsectio II. Refutation of the first argument drawn from authority.
§ 53
§ 54
§ 55
§ 56
§ 57
§ 58
§ 59
Subsectio III. Arguments for the opinion of Soto and the other Thomists.
§ 60
§ 61
§ 62
§ 63
§ 64
§ 65
§ 66
§ 67
§ 68
§ 69
§ 70
Subsectio IV. The object of logic is real being.
§ 71
§ 72
§ 73
§ 74
§ 75
§ 76
§ 77
§ 78
§ 79
§ 80
Sectio V. Whether the Formal or Rather the Objective Method of Knowing Is the Object of Logic.
§ 81
Subsectio I. These modes of knowing are explained.
§ 82
§ 83
§ 84
§ 85
§ 86
§ 87
§ 88
Subsectio II. The question is resolved.
§ 89
§ 90
§ 91
§ 92
§ 93
§ 94
§ 95
§ 96
§ 97
§ 98
Sectio VI. What the Logician Immediately Considers in the Formal Method of Knowing.
§ 99
§ 100
§ 101
§ 102
§ 103
§ 104
§ 105
§ 106
§ 107
§ 108
§ 109
§ 110
Sectio VII. Whether the Formal Method of Knowing Is Treated by Attribution to the Objective.
§ 111
§ 112
§ 113
§ 114
§ 115
§ 116
§ 117
§ 118
Sectio VIII. On the Adequate Object of Dialectical Attribution.
§ 119
Subsectio I. The first opinion.
§ 120
§ 121
§ 122
§ 123
§ 124
§ 125
§ 126
§ 127
§ 128
Subsectio II.
§ 129
§ 130
§ 131
§ 132
§ 133
§ 134
Subsectio III. Definition, division, and argumentation are not the adequate object of logic.
§ 135
§ 136
§ 137
§ 138
§ 139
§ 140
§ 141
§ 142
§ 143
§ 144
§ 145
§ 146
Subsectio IV. Demonstration alone is the adequate object of attribution.
§ 147
§ 148
§ 149
§ 150
§ 151
§ 152
§ 153
§ 154
§ 155
§ 156
§ 157
§ 158
§ 159
§ 160
§ 161
§ 162
§ 163
Sectio IX. Other Matters Concerning the Object of Logic.
§ 164
§ 165
§ 166
§ 167
§ 168
Disputatio II: Disputatio II. How Logic Attains Its Object.
Sectio I. On Logic as Used and as Taught: Whether Each Is a Science?
§ 1
§ 2
§ 3
§ 4
§ 5
§ 6
§ 7
§ 8
§ 9
Sectio II. Whether Logic Is a Practical Science or a Speculative One?
§ 10
§ 11
§ 12
§ 13
§ 14
§ 15
§ 16
§ 17
§ 18
§ 19
§ 20
§ 21
§ 22
§ 23
§ 24
§ 25
§ 26
§ 27
§ 28
§ 29
Sectio III. Whether Logic Concurs Efficiently in the Acts of Other Sciences?
§ 30
§ 31
§ 32
§ 33
§ 34
§ 35
Sectio IV. The Utility, Unity, and End of Dialectic.
§ 36
§ 37
§ 38
§ 39
§ 40
§ 41
§ 42
Disputatio III: Disputatio III. On the Predicables in General.
§ 1
Sectio I. I Premise Certain Points Concerning Universals.
§ 2
§ 3
§ 4
§ 5
§ 6
§ 7
§ 8
Sectio II. Whether Predicability Belongs to the Essence of the Universal?
§ 9
§ 10
§ 11
§ 12
§ 13
§ 14
§ 15
§ 16
§ 17
§ 18
§ 19
§ 20
Sectio III. How Are Universals Predicated?
§ 21
§ 22
§ 23
§ 24
§ 25
§ 26
§ 27
§ 28
§ 29
§ 30
§ 31
§ 32
§ 33
Disputatio IV: Disputatio IV. On Genus.
Sectio I. I Define Genus.
§ 1
§ 2
§ 3
§ 4
§ 5
§ 6
Sectio II. Whether the Material Element of Genus Is Common to All Its Inferiors?
§ 7
§ 8
§ 9
§ 10
§ 11
§ 12
§ 13
=== LATIN Dices, definitionem generis constare genere et differentia, genus autem debet esse univocum, ergo generis definitio debet esse univoca. Haec omnia vera sunt iuxta primum modum, quo argumento respondi. At iuxta secundum respondeo, tunc non constare definitionem genere proprie sumpto: et in rigore, sed late, ut quando definitur accidens esse entis ens, licet ens non sit proprie genus. Quando enim suprema genera definiuntur, eorum definitio non potest proprie constare genere, sed aliqua ratione analogice communi. Sic in praesenti praedicabile ut sic abstrahens a praedicabili reali et rationis non est genus; est autem genus praedicabile reale ad praedicabilia realia, et praedicabile rationis ad praedicabilia rationis. Definiuntur ergo omnia genera secundum rationem communem generis. Quod vero haec ratio abstracta sit communis univoce, vel analogice ab omnibus generibus, sive sint omnia singularia genera immediate, et confuse cognita, parum refert. Nam in quacumque earum opinionum, est vera nostra conclusio. === ENGLISH You will say that the definition of genus consists of genus and difference, but the genus ought to be univocal, therefore the definition of genus ought to be univocal. All these things are true according to the first way in which I answered the argument. But according to the second I answer that then the definition does not consist of genus properly taken: and in rigor, but broadly, as when an accident is defined as a being of a being, although being is not properly a genus. For when the supreme genera are defined, their definition cannot properly consist of a genus, but of some account commonly shared analogically. Thus in the present case the predicable as such, abstracting from real and mental predicable, is not a genus; but real predicable is a genus in relation to real predicables, and mental predicable in relation to mental predicables. Therefore all genera are defined according to the common account of genus. But whether this abstract account is common univocally or analogically to all genera, or whether all singular genera are immediately and confusedly known, matters little. For in whichever of these opinions, our conclusion is true.