Universa Philosophia
Pedro Hurtado de Mendoza (1578–1641)
First published 1624
Hurtado de Mendoza, Universa Philosophia (Lyon 1624): the Summulae and the Logica through Disputatio VII, with an original English translation. The rest of the work follows in later append batches.
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Summulae
Instruction for the Beginner on the Method of Argument
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Disputatio I. On the Terms of Propositions, and Their Union.
Aristoteles primo Physicorum
Sectio I. What Are Subject, Predicate, and Union?
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Sectio II. The Definition of Terms.
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Sectio III. On Vocal, Written, and Mental Terms.
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Sectio IV. On Significant and Non-Significant Terms.
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Signum significativum ad placitum
Sectio V. Divisions of the Mental Term.
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Sectio VI. On Universal, Particular, Confused, and Determinate, Superior, and Inferior Terms.
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Sectio VII. On Transcendent and Non-Transcendent Terms.
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Sectio VIII. On Univocal, Equivocal, and Analogous Terms.
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Sectio IX. On Absolute and Connotative Terms.
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Sectio X. On Categorematic and Syncategorematic Terms.
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Dices categorematicos significare
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Sectio XI. Concrete, Abstract, Complex, and Incomplex; Copulative and Non-Copulative Terms.
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Sectio XII. On Negative and Non-Negative Terms: Contrary and Contradictory.
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Sectio XIII. On Terms of First and Second Intention: Pertinent and Impertinent.
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Disputatio II. On the Properties of Terms.
Sectio I. On Supposition.
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Sectio II. Formal and Material Supposition.
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Sectio III. Simple and Personal Supposition.
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Sectio IV. Common and Singular Supposition.
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Sectio V. Distributive, Copulate, Determinate, Natural, and Accidental Supposition.
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Sectio VI. On Ascent and Descent.
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Sectio VII. On Ampliation, Restriction, Alienation, and Diminution.
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Sectio VIII. On Appellation.
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Disputatio III. On Speech, Its Parts, and Division.
Sectio I. On the Noun.
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Sectio II. On the Verb.
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Sectio III. On Speech.
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Disputatio IV. On the Proposition.
Sectio I. I Define the Proposition.
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Sectio II. On the Matter, Quality, and Quantity of the Proposition.
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Sectio III. Categorical, Hypothetical, Complex, and Incomplex Propositions.
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Sectio IV. On the Equipollence of Simple Propositions.
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Sectio V. On the Conversion of the Simple Proposition.
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Sectio VI. On the Opposition of the Simple Proposition.
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Sectio VII. The Preceding Doctrine and the Rules of Opposites Explained.
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Sectio VIII. On the Modal Proposition.
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Sectio IX. Modal Propositions Explained and Described.
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Sectio X. Why Are All Propositions of Each Figure Mutually Equipollent?
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Sectio XI. On the Quantity and Quality of Each Figure.
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Sectio XII. On the Opposition of Each Figure to the Others.
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Sectio XIII. On Exponible and Exclusive Propositions.
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Among these propositions they assign every kind of opposition. To these attend: that by the vowel i is signified a particular affirmative enunciation, by the vowel a a universal affirmative, by o a particular negative, by e a universal negative: from which are formed four words, iste, regit, proram, clavo. In the word iste is placed the first proposition, tantum homo currit; in regit is placed the second, non tantum homo currit; in proram is placed the third, tantum homo non currit; in clavo is placed the fourth, non tantum homo currit. In this quadrangle you will discern the opposition.
| Iste | contraries | proram |
|---|---|---|
| tantum homo currit. | Contradictorily. | tantum homo non currit. |
| Subalterns. | Subalterns. | |
| clavo | Contradictorily. | Regit |
| non tantum homo non currit. | subcontraries. | non tantum homo currit. |
Iste and Proram are called universals, perhaps because their exponents are hypothetical copulatives, which require for their truth a collection of the object, just as a universal proposition does. For this copulative, Petrus currit, et Ioannes non loquitur, requires for its truth that Peter run and that John not speak; if either fails, the proposition is not true. Clavo and Regit are called particulars, perhaps because their exponents are disjunctives; but where there is a disjunction, there is a particular proposition requiring one part of the object for its truth, as for the truth of this, Petrus currit, vel Ioannes loquitur, it suffices if Peter runs while John is silent.