Universa Philosophia
Pedro Hurtado de Mendoza (1578–1641)
First published 1624
Hurtado de Mendoza, Universa Philosophia (Lyon 1624): the Summulae and the Logica through Disputatio VII, with an original English translation. The rest of the work follows in later append batches.
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Summulae
Instruction for the Beginner on the Method of Argument
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Disputatio I. On the Terms of Propositions, and Their Union.
Aristoteles primo Physicorum
Sectio I. What Are Subject, Predicate, and Union?
§ 1
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Sectio II. The Definition of Terms.
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Sectio III. On Vocal, Written, and Mental Terms.
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Sectio IV. On Significant and Non-Significant Terms.
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Signum significativum ad placitum
Sectio V. Divisions of the Mental Term.
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Sectio VI. On Universal, Particular, Confused, and Determinate, Superior, and Inferior Terms.
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Sectio VII. On Transcendent and Non-Transcendent Terms.
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Sectio VIII. On Univocal, Equivocal, and Analogous Terms.
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Sectio IX. On Absolute and Connotative Terms.
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Sectio X. On Categorematic and Syncategorematic Terms.
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Dices categorematicos significare
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Sectio XI. Concrete, Abstract, Complex, and Incomplex; Copulative and Non-Copulative Terms.
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Sectio XII. On Negative and Non-Negative Terms: Contrary and Contradictory.
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Sectio XIII. On Terms of First and Second Intention: Pertinent and Impertinent.
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Disputatio II. On the Properties of Terms.
Sectio I. On Supposition.
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Sectio II. Formal and Material Supposition.
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Sectio III. Simple and Personal Supposition.
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Sectio IV. Common and Singular Supposition.
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Sectio V. Distributive, Copulate, Determinate, Natural, and Accidental Supposition.
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Sectio VI. On Ascent and Descent.
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Sectio VII. On Ampliation, Restriction, Alienation, and Diminution.
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Sectio VIII. On Appellation.
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Disputatio III. On Speech, Its Parts, and Division.
Sectio I. On the Noun.
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Sectio II. On the Verb.
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Sectio III. On Speech.
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Disputatio IV. On the Proposition.
Sectio I. I Define the Proposition.
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Sectio II. On the Matter, Quality, and Quantity of the Proposition.
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Sectio III. Categorical, Hypothetical, Complex, and Incomplex Propositions.
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Sectio IV. On the Equipollence of Simple Propositions.
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Sectio V. On the Conversion of the Simple Proposition.
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Sectio VI. On the Opposition of the Simple Proposition.
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Sectio VII. The Preceding Doctrine and the Rules of Opposites Explained.
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Sectio VIII. On the Modal Proposition.
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Sectio IX. Modal Propositions Explained and Described.
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Sectio X. Why Are All Propositions of Each Figure Mutually Equipollent?
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Sectio XI. On the Quantity and Quality of Each Figure.
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Sectio XII. On the Opposition of Each Figure to the Others.
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At length I deduce that purpurea and edentuli are contradictorily opposed, similarly illiace and amabimus; for one contrary is contradictorily opposed to the subaltern of the other contrary, as omnis homo currit is contradictorily opposed to this aliquis homo non currit, because it is contained under this, nullus homo currit. The reason a priori: because purpurea is a universal negative proposition concerning the mode, while edentuli is a particular affirmative concerning the same mode, therefore they are contradictories. The consequence is clear from the definition of contradictories (the same holds for illiace and amabimus); for purpurea denies the dictum in three propositions, and affirms it in the fourth, and denies the mode in two, and affirms it in the third and fourth. But edentuli in three denies also the dictum, and affirms the mode in two, and denies it in the last two, e.g. Petrum non currere non est possibile is the first of purpurea, to which is contradicted this, Petrum non currere est possibile, which is the first of edentuli; but possibile and non possibile mutually contradict one another, which is clearer in illiace, Petrum currere non est possibile, to which amabimus, Petrum currere est possibile, contradicts; can and cannot are contradictorily opposed, nor can they be true at the same time, or false at the same time, because two contradictories would be found on the side of the thing. But they can be opposed contradictorily, as singulars, if we restrict the terms, as Petrum non currere hic et nunc (ut aiunt) non est possibile, Petrum non currere hic, et nunc est possibile, because one difference of time is signified in the particular.