Universa Philosophia
Pedro Hurtado de Mendoza (1578–1641)
First published 1624
Hurtado de Mendoza, Universa Philosophia (Lyon 1624): the Summulae and the Logica through Disputatio VII, with an original English translation. The rest of the work follows in later append batches.
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Summulae
Instruction for the Beginner on the Method of Argument
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Disputatio I. On the Terms of Propositions, and Their Union.
Aristoteles primo Physicorum
Sectio I. What Are Subject, Predicate, and Union?
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Sectio II. The Definition of Terms.
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Sectio III. On Vocal, Written, and Mental Terms.
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Sectio IV. On Significant and Non-Significant Terms.
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Signum significativum ad placitum
Sectio V. Divisions of the Mental Term.
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Sectio VI. On Universal, Particular, Confused, and Determinate, Superior, and Inferior Terms.
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Sectio VII. On Transcendent and Non-Transcendent Terms.
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Sectio VIII. On Univocal, Equivocal, and Analogous Terms.
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Sectio IX. On Absolute and Connotative Terms.
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Sectio X. On Categorematic and Syncategorematic Terms.
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Dices categorematicos significare
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Sectio XI. Concrete, Abstract, Complex, and Incomplex; Copulative and Non-Copulative Terms.
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Sectio XII. On Negative and Non-Negative Terms: Contrary and Contradictory.
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Sectio XIII. On Terms of First and Second Intention: Pertinent and Impertinent.
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Disputatio II. On the Properties of Terms.
Sectio I. On Supposition.
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Sectio II. Formal and Material Supposition.
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Sectio III. Simple and Personal Supposition.
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Sectio IV. Common and Singular Supposition.
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Sectio V. Distributive, Copulate, Determinate, Natural, and Accidental Supposition.
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Sectio VI. On Ascent and Descent.
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Sectio VII. On Ampliation, Restriction, Alienation, and Diminution.
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Sectio VIII. On Appellation.
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Disputatio III. On Speech, Its Parts, and Division.
Sectio I. On the Noun.
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Sectio II. On the Verb.
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Sectio III. On Speech.
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Disputatio IV. On the Proposition.
Sectio I. I Define the Proposition.
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Sectio II. On the Matter, Quality, and Quantity of the Proposition.
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Sectio III. Categorical, Hypothetical, Complex, and Incomplex Propositions.
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Sectio IV. On the Equipollence of Simple Propositions.
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Sectio V. On the Conversion of the Simple Proposition.
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Sectio VI. On the Opposition of the Simple Proposition.
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Sectio VII. The Preceding Doctrine and the Rules of Opposites Explained.
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Sectio VIII. On the Modal Proposition.
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Sectio IX. Modal Propositions Explained and Described.
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Sectio X. Why Are All Propositions of Each Figure Mutually Equipollent?
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Sectio XI. On the Quantity and Quality of Each Figure.
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Amabimus and edentuli are particular or confused modes, which do not embrace collectively all differences of time, but only under disjunction, nor is there need to descend to singulars distributively, but disjunctively. For for the truth of their propositions it suffices if what is affirmed happens at some time, and not at every time, e.g. Petrum currere est possibile, which is the first proposition of amabimus, takes truth if Peter can run today, although he cannot run tomorrow, because that proposition only affirms the power of Peter's running, but Peter, able to run tomorrow, truly has the power of running; therefore the proposition which only affirms that Peter can run will be true, just as he who says homo curret has a true proposition when only Peter runs, nor indeed does the word possibile, thus uttered, say that running is possible at every time. Whereby it is manifestly distinguished from impossible, because since this is a negative mode, it denies universally, and for whatever time. As if someone says Petrus non currit, it is false if he runs at Rome, although he does not run at Toledo. Whence it is evident that the other three propositions of amabimus are particular, because they are equivalent to the first; concerning the second it is evident; the third is this, Petrum currere non est impossibile, but non impossibile is the same as possibile, just as non nullus is the same as aliquis; concerning the fourth it is evident, because it is this, Petrum non currere non est necesse, that is, Peter does not have the necessity of ceasing from running, which is equivalent to this, Petrus potest currere.
The same judgment is concerning the propositions in edentuli, because they have modes affirmed in the same way in the first and second proposition, and denied in the third and fourth, just as the propositions of amabimus, and accordingly they preserve the same quantity.