Universa Philosophia
Pedro Hurtado de Mendoza (1578–1641)
First published 1624
Hurtado de Mendoza, Universa Philosophia (Lyon 1624): the Summulae and the Logica through Disputatio VII, with an original English translation. The rest of the work follows in later append batches.
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Summulae
Instruction for the Beginner on the Method of Argument
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Disputatio I. On the Terms of Propositions, and Their Union.
Aristoteles primo Physicorum
Sectio I. What Are Subject, Predicate, and Union?
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Sectio II. The Definition of Terms.
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Sectio III. On Vocal, Written, and Mental Terms.
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Sectio IV. On Significant and Non-Significant Terms.
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Signum significativum ad placitum
Sectio V. Divisions of the Mental Term.
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Sectio VI. On Universal, Particular, Confused, and Determinate, Superior, and Inferior Terms.
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Sectio VII. On Transcendent and Non-Transcendent Terms.
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Sectio VIII. On Univocal, Equivocal, and Analogous Terms.
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Sectio IX. On Absolute and Connotative Terms.
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Sectio X. On Categorematic and Syncategorematic Terms.
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Dices categorematicos significare
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Sectio XI. Concrete, Abstract, Complex, and Incomplex; Copulative and Non-Copulative Terms.
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Sectio XII. On Negative and Non-Negative Terms: Contrary and Contradictory.
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Sectio XIII. On Terms of First and Second Intention: Pertinent and Impertinent.
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Disputatio II. On the Properties of Terms.
Sectio I. On Supposition.
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Sectio II. Formal and Material Supposition.
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Sectio III. Simple and Personal Supposition.
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Sectio IV. Common and Singular Supposition.
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Sectio V. Distributive, Copulate, Determinate, Natural, and Accidental Supposition.
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Sectio VI. On Ascent and Descent.
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Sectio VII. On Ampliation, Restriction, Alienation, and Diminution.
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Sectio VIII. On Appellation.
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Disputatio III. On Speech, Its Parts, and Division.
Sectio I. On the Noun.
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Sectio II. On the Verb.
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Sectio III. On Speech.
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Disputatio IV. On the Proposition.
Sectio I. I Define the Proposition.
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Sectio II. On the Matter, Quality, and Quantity of the Proposition.
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Sectio III. Categorical, Hypothetical, Complex, and Incomplex Propositions.
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Sectio IV. On the Equipollence of Simple Propositions.
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Sectio V. On the Conversion of the Simple Proposition.
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Sectio VI. On the Opposition of the Simple Proposition.
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Sectio VII. The Preceding Doctrine and the Rules of Opposites Explained.
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Sectio VIII. On the Modal Proposition.
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Sectio IX. Modal Propositions Explained and Described.
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Sectio X. Why Are All Propositions of Each Figure Mutually Equipollent?
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Sectio XI. On the Quantity and Quality of Each Figure.
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Purpurea and illiace are universal modes, because they contain under themselves and subalternate the other two modes; purpurea subalternates to itself the propositions of amabimus; but illiace the propositions of edentuli, as will be evident. Whence it is clear that amabimus and edentuli are particular modes. These are proved thus. In purpurea the fourth proposition is this, Petrum currere, est necesse, which is most universal, because the verb est embraces all the times in which Peter exists; for if Peter is necessarily running, therefore he can never cease from running, because if he could, he would not have to run necessarily, which is evident from the third proposition of the same figure equivalent to the fourth, e.g. Petrum non disputare est impossibile, which would be false if at some time it were possible for Peter not to dispute, because impossible is a negative mode, which when said absolutely and without limit is universal, as Petrus non currit, that is, he runs nowhere, nor runs in any way: but if at some time Peter could refrain from disputing, therefore it would not be absolutely impossible to dispute, because for that difference it would not be impossible, for what is at some time possible is not absolutely impossible, because impossibility denotes the absence of a power, and what is once possible does not have the absence of possibility, but possibility. The same is evident in the first and second proposition, Petrum non currere non est possibile, nec contingens; therefore at no time will Peter be able to cease from running, or at which the absence of running can happen to him; but if at some time it could happen, it would be contingent, and consequently the second proposition asserting that it is not contingent would be false.