Universa Philosophia
Pedro Hurtado de Mendoza (1578–1641)
First published 1624
Hurtado de Mendoza, Universa Philosophia (Lyon 1624): the Summulae and the Logica through Disputatio VII, with an original English translation. The rest of the work follows in later append batches.
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Summulae
Instruction for the Beginner on the Method of Argument
§ 1
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§ 11
Disputatio I. On the Terms of Propositions, and Their Union.
Aristoteles primo Physicorum
Sectio I. What Are Subject, Predicate, and Union?
§ 1
§ 2
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Sectio II. The Definition of Terms.
§ 5
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Sectio III. On Vocal, Written, and Mental Terms.
§ 21
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Sectio IV. On Significant and Non-Significant Terms.
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Signum significativum ad placitum
Sectio V. Divisions of the Mental Term.
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Sectio VI. On Universal, Particular, Confused, and Determinate, Superior, and Inferior Terms.
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Sectio VII. On Transcendent and Non-Transcendent Terms.
§ 67
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Sectio VIII. On Univocal, Equivocal, and Analogous Terms.
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Sectio IX. On Absolute and Connotative Terms.
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Sectio X. On Categorematic and Syncategorematic Terms.
§ 88
Dices categorematicos significare
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Sectio XI. Concrete, Abstract, Complex, and Incomplex; Copulative and Non-Copulative Terms.
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Sectio XII. On Negative and Non-Negative Terms: Contrary and Contradictory.
§ 104
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Sectio XIII. On Terms of First and Second Intention: Pertinent and Impertinent.
§ 109
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§ 111
Disputatio II. On the Properties of Terms.
Sectio I. On Supposition.
§ 1
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Sectio II. Formal and Material Supposition.
§ 11
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Sectio III. Simple and Personal Supposition.
§ 13
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Sectio IV. Common and Singular Supposition.
§ 21
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Sectio V. Distributive, Copulate, Determinate, Natural, and Accidental Supposition.
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Sectio VI. On Ascent and Descent.
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Sectio VII. On Ampliation, Restriction, Alienation, and Diminution.
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Sectio VIII. On Appellation.
§ 50
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Disputatio III. On Speech, Its Parts, and Division.
Sectio I. On the Noun.
§ 1
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Sectio II. On the Verb.
§ 12
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Sectio III. On Speech.
§ 19
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Disputatio IV. On the Proposition.
Sectio I. I Define the Proposition.
§ 1
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Sectio II. On the Matter, Quality, and Quantity of the Proposition.
§ 4
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Sectio III. Categorical, Hypothetical, Complex, and Incomplex Propositions.
§ 7
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Sectio IV. On the Equipollence of Simple Propositions.
§ 13
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Sectio V. On the Conversion of the Simple Proposition.
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Sectio VI. On the Opposition of the Simple Proposition.
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Sectio VII. The Preceding Doctrine and the Rules of Opposites Explained.
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=== LATIN Ut autem sint falsae, opus est, ut de uno individuo affirmentur duo praedicata contradictoria, nempe de eodem Petro currere, et non currere: nam falsitas huius propositionis, aliquis homo currit, requirit, ut nullus homo currat, et consequenter, ut Petrus non currat. nam si Petrus curreret, esset vera. Item falsitas huius propositionis aliquis homo non currit, requirit, ut omnis homo currat, et consequenter, ut Petrus currat. ergo iam requiritur ad falsitatem utriusque, ut Petrus currat, et non currat, idemque contingit ceteris individuis. ergo oppositio harum propositionum sumitur ex oppositione contradictoria duarum propositionum singularium mutuo contradicentium, quae necessario continerentur in utriusque falsitate: sicut oppositio contrariarum oritur ex duabus singularibus contradictoriis, quae continerentur in veritate utriusque contrariae. Qua vero parte non opponuntur, est, quia in illa carentia oppositionis non continentur duae propositiones singulares mutuo contradicentes. Subcontrariae autem non vocantur contradictoriae, quia versantur circa varia individua, quibus convenire possunt dissimilia praedicata, ob quae hae possunt esse simul verae. === ENGLISH But for them to be false, it is necessary that two contradictory predicates be affirmed of one individual, namely de eodem Petro currere, et non currere: for the falsity of this proposition, aliquis homo currit, requires that no man be running, and consequently that Petrus non currat. For if Peter were running, it would be true. Likewise the falsity of this proposition aliquis homo non currit requires that every man be running, and consequently that Petrus currat. Therefore now for the falsity of each it is required that Petrus currat, et non currat, and the same happens with the other individuals. Therefore the opposition of these propositions is taken from the contradictory opposition of two singular propositions mutually contradicting, which would necessarily be contained in the falsity of each; just as the opposition of contraries arises from two contradictory singulars which would be contained in the truth of each contrary. But in the respect in which they are not opposed, it is because in that absence of opposition two singular propositions mutually contradicting are not contained. But subcontraries are not called contradictories because they are concerned with various individuals, to which dissimilar predicates can belong, on account of which these can be at once true.