Universa Philosophia
Pedro Hurtado de Mendoza (1578–1641)
First published 1624
Hurtado de Mendoza, Universa Philosophia (Lyon 1624): the Summulae and the Logica through Disputatio VII, with an original English translation. The rest of the work follows in later append batches.
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Summulae
Instruction for the Beginner on the Method of Argument
§ 1
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§ 11
Disputatio I. On the Terms of Propositions, and Their Union.
Aristoteles primo Physicorum
Sectio I. What Are Subject, Predicate, and Union?
§ 1
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Sectio II. The Definition of Terms.
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Sectio III. On Vocal, Written, and Mental Terms.
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Sectio IV. On Significant and Non-Significant Terms.
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Signum significativum ad placitum
Sectio V. Divisions of the Mental Term.
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Sectio VI. On Universal, Particular, Confused, and Determinate, Superior, and Inferior Terms.
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Sectio VII. On Transcendent and Non-Transcendent Terms.
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Sectio VIII. On Univocal, Equivocal, and Analogous Terms.
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Sectio IX. On Absolute and Connotative Terms.
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Sectio X. On Categorematic and Syncategorematic Terms.
§ 88
Dices categorematicos significare
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Sectio XI. Concrete, Abstract, Complex, and Incomplex; Copulative and Non-Copulative Terms.
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Sectio XII. On Negative and Non-Negative Terms: Contrary and Contradictory.
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Sectio XIII. On Terms of First and Second Intention: Pertinent and Impertinent.
§ 109
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Disputatio II. On the Properties of Terms.
Sectio I. On Supposition.
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Sectio II. Formal and Material Supposition.
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Sectio III. Simple and Personal Supposition.
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Sectio IV. Common and Singular Supposition.
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Sectio V. Distributive, Copulate, Determinate, Natural, and Accidental Supposition.
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Sectio VI. On Ascent and Descent.
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Sectio VII. On Ampliation, Restriction, Alienation, and Diminution.
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Sectio VIII. On Appellation.
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Disputatio III. On Speech, Its Parts, and Division.
Sectio I. On the Noun.
§ 1
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Sectio II. On the Verb.
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Sectio III. On Speech.
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Disputatio IV. On the Proposition.
Sectio I. I Define the Proposition.
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Sectio II. On the Matter, Quality, and Quantity of the Proposition.
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Sectio III. Categorical, Hypothetical, Complex, and Incomplex Propositions.
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Sectio IV. On the Equipollence of Simple Propositions.
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Sectio V. On the Conversion of the Simple Proposition.
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Sectio VI. On the Opposition of the Simple Proposition.
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§ 22
But Aristotle by the examples adduced in that chapter excludes from the definition of contradiction the opposition between universal and singular: the reason is at hand, because either can be false, as omnis homo currit is false when Peter is not running, and Antonius non currit is false when Antony is running; but both can be at once, both Peter not running and Antony running. Hence it is clear that all the precepts of contradiction do not fit this opposition. To the other reason. It is answered that a confused proposition is opposed contradictorily to a universal, because it ranges over all individuals confusedly; for its falsity one individual does not suffice, as aliquis homo non currit is not false because Antony is not running, as Antonius non currit is, because it is concerned with him in the singular; but the law of contradictories depends on the clear or obscure mode of conceiving: whence Peter obscurely and vaguely known does not make a particular proposition false as he makes a singular one false when he is clearly known. But this opposition can be reduced to the contrary, because they have repugnance in truth alone and not in falsity; indeed by reason of that contrariety they do not have opposition in falsity, as I shall show in the following section. Aristotle himself in ch. 6 added that two singular propositions opposed in quality concerning the same subject and predicate are contradictory, as Socrates est albus, Socrates non est albus. Whence contradictory opposition is defined as the repugnance of two propositions according to quality, of which the one is affirmative and the other negative. Likewise the one universal, the other particular, or both singular.