Universa Philosophia
Pedro Hurtado de Mendoza (1578–1641)
First published 1624
Hurtado de Mendoza, Universa Philosophia (Lyon 1624): the Summulae and the Logica through Disputatio VII, with an original English translation. The rest of the work follows in later append batches.
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Summulae
Instruction for the Beginner on the Method of Argument
§ 1
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§ 11
Disputatio I. On the Terms of Propositions, and Their Union.
Aristoteles primo Physicorum
Sectio I. What Are Subject, Predicate, and Union?
§ 1
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Sectio II. The Definition of Terms.
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Sectio III. On Vocal, Written, and Mental Terms.
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Sectio IV. On Significant and Non-Significant Terms.
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Signum significativum ad placitum
Sectio V. Divisions of the Mental Term.
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Sectio VI. On Universal, Particular, Confused, and Determinate, Superior, and Inferior Terms.
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Sectio VII. On Transcendent and Non-Transcendent Terms.
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Sectio VIII. On Univocal, Equivocal, and Analogous Terms.
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Sectio IX. On Absolute and Connotative Terms.
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Sectio X. On Categorematic and Syncategorematic Terms.
§ 88
Dices categorematicos significare
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Sectio XI. Concrete, Abstract, Complex, and Incomplex; Copulative and Non-Copulative Terms.
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Sectio XII. On Negative and Non-Negative Terms: Contrary and Contradictory.
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Sectio XIII. On Terms of First and Second Intention: Pertinent and Impertinent.
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Disputatio II. On the Properties of Terms.
Sectio I. On Supposition.
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Sectio II. Formal and Material Supposition.
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Sectio III. Simple and Personal Supposition.
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Sectio IV. Common and Singular Supposition.
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Sectio V. Distributive, Copulate, Determinate, Natural, and Accidental Supposition.
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Sectio VI. On Ascent and Descent.
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Sectio VII. On Ampliation, Restriction, Alienation, and Diminution.
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Sectio VIII. On Appellation.
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Disputatio III. On Speech, Its Parts, and Division.
Sectio I. On the Noun.
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Sectio II. On the Verb.
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Sectio III. On Speech.
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Disputatio IV. On the Proposition.
Sectio I. I Define the Proposition.
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Sectio II. On the Matter, Quality, and Quantity of the Proposition.
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Sectio III. Categorical, Hypothetical, Complex, and Incomplex Propositions.
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Sectio IV. On the Equipollence of Simple Propositions.
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Sectio V. On the Conversion of the Simple Proposition.
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§ 17
Thirdly, it occurs by contraposition in a universal affirmative and a particular negative, by the addition of certain negations, as omnis homo est animal, therefore omne non animal est non homo, because if it is not an animal, it is not a man, who is an animal, and it cannot be an animal and a non-animal. Likewise it is converted by this: therefore aliquod animal non est non homo, which is equivalent to this, aliquod animal est homo. Likewise aliquis homo non est lapis, therefore aliquod non lapis non est homo. Here the word non is taken infinitantly, signifying something which is not a man. Likewise note that in this third conversion constancy must be added, that is, the existence of the thing must be posited; for example, omnis homo est ens, if it is converted by this, therefore omne non ens est non homo, is false: because a non-being, although it is not a man, is nevertheless not a non-man, because to be a non-man says to be something which is not a man; but a non-being is not something, taking is and something properly. But in the negative there ought to be constancy in the subject of the converted proposition, as if you say Antichristus non est bonus, if it is converted by this, therefore aliquod non bonum est non Antichristus, this is false, because at present there are some non-good things which nevertheless are not Antichrist; but if the word Antichristus had the constancy of existing, the proposition would be true: for then some non-good thing, namely Antichrist himself, would not be non-Antichrist, that is, would be Antichrist himself. Finally, the identity of the terms of the converted proposition and of the converting one must be attended to; for which it will be worthwhile to know equipollence, whence a proposition cannot be converted by another which has terms really distinct from its own, because the consequence is not from one thing to a distinct thing, but to the same, as from man to rational is a consequence, but not to non-man. But there are many trifles of boys here; but the force of negations must be attended to.