Universa Philosophia
Pedro Hurtado de Mendoza (1578–1641)
First published 1624
Hurtado de Mendoza, Universa Philosophia (Lyon 1624): the Summulae and the Logica through Disputatio VII, with an original English translation. The rest of the work follows in later append batches.
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Summulae
Instruction for the Beginner on the Method of Argument
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Disputatio I. On the Terms of Propositions, and Their Union.
Aristoteles primo Physicorum
Sectio I. What Are Subject, Predicate, and Union?
§ 1
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Sectio II. The Definition of Terms.
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Sectio III. On Vocal, Written, and Mental Terms.
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Sectio IV. On Significant and Non-Significant Terms.
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Signum significativum ad placitum
Sectio V. Divisions of the Mental Term.
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Sectio VI. On Universal, Particular, Confused, and Determinate, Superior, and Inferior Terms.
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Sectio VII. On Transcendent and Non-Transcendent Terms.
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Sectio VIII. On Univocal, Equivocal, and Analogous Terms.
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Sectio IX. On Absolute and Connotative Terms.
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Sectio X. On Categorematic and Syncategorematic Terms.
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Dices categorematicos significare
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Sectio XI. Concrete, Abstract, Complex, and Incomplex; Copulative and Non-Copulative Terms.
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Sectio XII. On Negative and Non-Negative Terms: Contrary and Contradictory.
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Sectio XIII. On Terms of First and Second Intention: Pertinent and Impertinent.
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Disputatio II. On the Properties of Terms.
Sectio I. On Supposition.
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Sectio II. Formal and Material Supposition.
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Sectio III. Simple and Personal Supposition.
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Sectio IV. Common and Singular Supposition.
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Sectio V. Distributive, Copulate, Determinate, Natural, and Accidental Supposition.
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Sectio VI. On Ascent and Descent.
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Sectio VII. On Ampliation, Restriction, Alienation, and Diminution.
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Sectio VIII. On Appellation.
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Disputatio III. On Speech, Its Parts, and Division.
Sectio I. On the Noun.
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Sectio II. On the Verb.
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Sectio III. On Speech.
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In order to define a sentence, I premise that the grammarians divide the notion or sentence into five parts: into two active, two passive, and a fifth of the impersonal verb; and they admit no sentence except one consisting of a verb; indeed, sentences are distinguished by the difference of verbs alone, and the dialecticians themselves, dividing a sentence into imperfect and perfect, explain the latter by the perfect signification of the verb and the former by the imperfect. A sentence is therefore the congruence of a noun with a verb, or a significant utterance composed of a noun and a verb mutually agreeing. Congruence is the reason on account of which one thing results from two utterances. But if the utterances do not agree mutually, there will not be one sentence, but there will be two disconnected expressions. I am moved both to distinguish a complex term from a sentence, and to explain utterances composed of a noun and a verb, and third, because in explaining a sentence and its parts one must stand by the judgment of the grammarians. For let the craftsmen handle the works of the craft; in the mind's concept the noun always corresponds with the verb, yet in speech the noun is sometimes left unsaid, as amo Deum, but ego is understood; sometimes the verb is rejected, as when someone is introduced speaking, tunc ille, dixit or something similar is understood. An imperfect sentence consists of a verb signifying in an imperfect mode, as si venit; for then a perfect concept of the thing is not formed; sometimes it is perfect, because the verb signifies perfectly, as ego veni; a sentence can be without a proposition, as tu fac, and sometimes with it, because it is a genus which is divided into a non-enunciative sentence and an enunciative one, which is the proposition, about which we must now treat.