Universa Philosophia
Pedro Hurtado de Mendoza (1578–1641)
First published 1624
Hurtado de Mendoza, Universa Philosophia (Lyon 1624): the Summulae and the Logica through Disputatio VII, with an original English translation. The rest of the work follows in later append batches.
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Summulae
Instruction for the Beginner on the Method of Argument
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Disputatio I. On the Terms of Propositions, and Their Union.
Aristoteles primo Physicorum
Sectio I. What Are Subject, Predicate, and Union?
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Sectio II. The Definition of Terms.
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Sectio III. On Vocal, Written, and Mental Terms.
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Sectio IV. On Significant and Non-Significant Terms.
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Signum significativum ad placitum
Sectio V. Divisions of the Mental Term.
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Sectio VI. On Universal, Particular, Confused, and Determinate, Superior, and Inferior Terms.
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Sectio VII. On Transcendent and Non-Transcendent Terms.
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Sectio VIII. On Univocal, Equivocal, and Analogous Terms.
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Sectio IX. On Absolute and Connotative Terms.
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Sectio X. On Categorematic and Syncategorematic Terms.
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Dices categorematicos significare
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Sectio XI. Concrete, Abstract, Complex, and Incomplex; Copulative and Non-Copulative Terms.
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Sectio XII. On Negative and Non-Negative Terms: Contrary and Contradictory.
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Sectio XIII. On Terms of First and Second Intention: Pertinent and Impertinent.
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Disputatio II. On the Properties of Terms.
Sectio I. On Supposition.
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Sectio II. Formal and Material Supposition.
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Sectio III. Simple and Personal Supposition.
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Sectio IV. Common and Singular Supposition.
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Sectio V. Distributive, Copulate, Determinate, Natural, and Accidental Supposition.
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Sectio VI. On Ascent and Descent.
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Sectio VII. On Ampliation, Restriction, Alienation, and Diminution.
§ 43
On ampliation Soto disputes very fully, 2nd part of the introduction, chapter 4, and Fonseca book 8 from chapter 36, more briefly Toletus, book 2 from chapter 8, most briefly Villalpandus, book 1 chapter 4, whom I wish to imitate. The state of a proposition is said to be when things are taken for the time signified by the verb, whether it be past, present, or future, as Petrus dormiuit, peccat, ludet. I think the reason is that all things signified by those words stand well for that time, for sleep stands with Peter in past time: for they have no opposition. Likewise sin and Peter now stand, nor, for the proposition to be true, is there need to have recourse to the signification of things for other times. To the state is opposed ampliation, e.g. when the terms of a proposition signify things incompatible for the time signified by the verb, then there is need of ampliation, because the subject and predicate do not stand for the same instant, as iustus peccavit, stantes sedent, et vigilans dormiet, justice cannot be with sin in one man: nor sitting with standing, nor sleep with waking, wherefore the just man is amplified to another time different from that which is signified by the verb; for the verb signifies that sin was in Peter, at instant B. at which justice could not be in the same Peter, whence there is need that the just man not be taken for instant B. but either for instant A. or C. and that it render this sense, the just man sinned, that is, he who at instant A. was just, sinned at instant B. Which doctrine is very necessary for avoiding the captious arguments of the sophists: therefore ampliation must be used then, when the predicate and subject cannot be posited together, but the subject must be explained for another instant, for which the predicate is not signified. Ampliation will therefore be the acceptance of a term for a time different from that which is signified by the verb of the proposition; but state is the acceptance of a term for the same time which is signified by the verb of the proposition.