Universa Philosophia
Pedro Hurtado de Mendoza (1578–1641)
First published 1624
Hurtado de Mendoza, Universa Philosophia (Lyon 1624): the Summulae and the Logica through Disputatio VII, with an original English translation. The rest of the work follows in later append batches.
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Summulae
Instruction for the Beginner on the Method of Argument
§ 1
§ 2
§ 3
§ 4
§ 5
§ 6
§ 7
§ 8
§ 9
§ 10
§ 11
Disputatio I. On the Terms of Propositions, and Their Union.
Aristoteles primo Physicorum
Sectio I. What Are Subject, Predicate, and Union?
§ 1
§ 2
§ 3
§ 4
Sectio II. The Definition of Terms.
§ 5
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Sectio III. On Vocal, Written, and Mental Terms.
§ 21
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Sectio IV. On Significant and Non-Significant Terms.
§ 27
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§ 35
Signum significativum ad placitum
Sectio V. Divisions of the Mental Term.
§ 37
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Sectio VI. On Universal, Particular, Confused, and Determinate, Superior, and Inferior Terms.
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Sectio VII. On Transcendent and Non-Transcendent Terms.
§ 67
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Sectio VIII. On Univocal, Equivocal, and Analogous Terms.
§ 69
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§ 71
An equivocal term is one which signifies several things altogether diverse in the character signified by the name: because equivocals are whose name is common, and according to the name the account of substance is diverse. For example. Canis does not signify one concept in which animal, fish, and star agree. These terms are equivocal either by chance, because perhaps by fortune the same word was imposed on different things, as Rolanus on a soldier and on a dog; or by counsel, as when someone imposes on another thing the same word that was imposed on one thing: and that in two ways, first to signify in the second thing some property in which it agrees with the first, as if someone should call a valiant soldier Cid on account of the similarity he has with Roderick Cid in the conduct of wars: but names of this kind are not equivocal but analogical by proportion, as when Christ is called leo or vitis: for they do not signify altogether diverse things, but things similar in some way. Secondly when a word is not imposed on one thing on account of the similarity of another, but for the sake of memory or love or honor, as when a prince's servant calls himself Guzman or Mendoza, on account of the lord whom he serves, which words are equivocal, because the significates do not agree in the signification of those names: for the servant, who does not derive his origin from the head of the Guzmans or Mendozas, does not agree with the Guzmans in nobility, as is signified by that name.