Universa Philosophia
Pedro Hurtado de Mendoza (1578–1641)
First published 1624
Hurtado de Mendoza, Universa Philosophia (Lyon 1624): the Summulae and the Logica through Disputatio VII, with an original English translation. The rest of the work follows in later append batches.
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Summulae
Instruction for the Beginner on the Method of Argument
§ 1
§ 2
§ 3
§ 4
§ 5
§ 6
§ 7
§ 8
§ 9
§ 10
§ 11
Disputatio I. On the Terms of Propositions, and Their Union.
Aristoteles primo Physicorum
Sectio I. What Are Subject, Predicate, and Union?
§ 1
§ 2
§ 3
§ 4
Sectio II. The Definition of Terms.
§ 5
§ 6
§ 7
§ 8
§ 9
§ 10
§ 11
§ 12
§ 13
§ 14
§ 15
§ 16
§ 17
§ 18
§ 19
§ 20
Sectio III. On Vocal, Written, and Mental Terms.
§ 21
§ 22
§ 23
§ 24
§ 25
§ 26
Sectio IV. On Significant and Non-Significant Terms.
§ 27
§ 28
§ 29
§ 30
§ 31
§ 32
§ 33
§ 34
§ 35
Signum significativum ad placitum
Sectio V. Divisions of the Mental Term.
§ 37
§ 38
§ 39
§ 40
§ 41
§ 42
§ 43
Sectio VI. On Universal, Particular, Confused, and Determinate, Superior, and Inferior Terms.
§ 44
§ 45
§ 46
§ 47
§ 48
§ 49
§ 50
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§ 60
§ 61
A confused term is one which does not signify one determinate thing, but ranges over many, so that it signifies all confusedly and none determinately, which is explained by the disjunctive particle vel. For example, if someone says in this school there is some man, by the force of this confused term some man, it cannot be affirmed in a particular proposition that Peter is in this school: because some man does not signify only Peter: and concerning all men it can be affirmed disjunctively in this way: in this school there is some man: therefore he is either Peter or Paul, etc. This mode of signifying is universal, and thus the confused term some man, for example, is a universal term. For I shall show in disputation 5 of the Logic, section 8, that the predication of an indefinite individual is universal; likewise in disputation 5 of the Metaphysics, section 10, I shall show that this proposition Peter is a man is the same as Peter is some man; because, Aristotle said, the same is man, one man, and some man. Note as to forms of arguing and oppositions of propositions that confused terms, and propositions consisting of them, are called particular and not universal. But there particular is taken improperly for an indefinite individual. For properly singular is the same as particular, but it is a question of name.