Universa Philosophia

Name: Universa Philosophia
Author: Pedro Hurtado de Mendoza

First published 1624

Hurtado de Mendoza, Universa Philosophia (Lyon 1624): the Summulae and the Logica through Disputatio VII, with an original English translation. The rest of the work follows in later append batches.

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Summulae

Instruction for the Beginner on the Method of Argument

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§ 11 Disputatio I. On the Terms of Propositions, and Their Union.

Aristoteles primo Physicorum

Sectio I. What Are Subject, Predicate, and Union?

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§ 4 Sectio II. The Definition of Terms.

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§ 20 Sectio III. On Vocal, Written, and Mental Terms.

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§ 26 Sectio IV. On Significant and Non-Significant Terms.

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§ 35 Signum significativum ad placitum

Sectio V. Divisions of the Mental Term.

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Secondly, divide the mental term into reflexive and direct. A direct term is that which is terminated at a thing distinct from the act of the same power, as the act lapis, leo, that is, which represents stone and lion; it is so called because the power as it were by a straight way tends through it into the object. A reflexive [term] is cognition of some cognition of the same power: for example, I know a stone, this first cognition is direct. Then by another cognition I know that I have known a stone, and I inquire whether I was deceived in the cognition of the stone or not? this second cognition is called reflexive: because through it the power bends itself back, reflects, and returns upon itself.

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§ 43 Sectio VI. On Universal, Particular, Confused, and Determinate, Superior, and Inferior Terms.

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§ 66 Sectio VII. On Transcendent and Non-Transcendent Terms.

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§ 68 Sectio VIII. On Univocal, Equivocal, and Analogous Terms.

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§ 73 Sectio IX. On Absolute and Connotative Terms.

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§ 87 Sectio X. On Categorematic and Syncategorematic Terms.

§ 88 Dices categorematicos significare

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§ 92 Sectio XI. Concrete, Abstract, Complex, and Incomplex; Copulative and Non-Copulative Terms.

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§ 103 Sectio XII. On Negative and Non-Negative Terms: Contrary and Contradictory.

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§ 108 Sectio XIII. On Terms of First and Second Intention: Pertinent and Impertinent.

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§ 111 Disputatio II. On the Properties of Terms.

Sectio I. On Supposition.

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§ 10 Sectio II. Formal and Material Supposition.

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§ 12 Sectio III. Simple and Personal Supposition.

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§ 20 Sectio IV. Common and Singular Supposition.

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§ 23 Sectio V. Distributive, Copulate, Determinate, Natural, and Accidental Supposition.

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§ 32 Sectio VI. On Ascent and Descent.

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§ 42 Sectio VII. On Ampliation, Restriction, Alienation, and Diminution.

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§ 49 Sectio VIII. On Appellation.

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§ 52 Disputatio III. On Speech, Its Parts, and Division.

Sectio I. On the Noun.

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§ 11 Sectio II. On the Verb.

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§ 18 Sectio III. On Speech.

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§ 21 Disputatio IV. On the Proposition.

Sectio I. I Define the Proposition.

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§ 3 Sectio II. On the Matter, Quality, and Quantity of the Proposition.

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§ 6 Sectio III. Categorical, Hypothetical, Complex, and Incomplex Propositions.

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§ 12 Sectio IV. On the Equipollence of Simple Propositions.

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§ 14 Sectio V. On the Conversion of the Simple Proposition.

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§ 19 Sectio VI. On the Opposition of the Simple Proposition.

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§ 23 Sectio VII. The Preceding Doctrine and the Rules of Opposites Explained.

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§ 33 Sectio VIII. On the Modal Proposition.

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§ 37 Sectio IX. Modal Propositions Explained and Described.

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§ 41 Sectio X. Why Are All Propositions of Each Figure Mutually Equipollent?

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§ 46 Sectio XI. On the Quantity and Quality of Each Figure.

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§ 50 Sectio XII. On the Opposition of Each Figure to the Others.

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§ 60 Sectio XIII. On Exponible and Exclusive Propositions.

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§ 64 Sectio XIV. Difficulties Concerning This Doctrine.

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§ 74 Sectio XV. On Exceptive and Reduplicative Propositions.

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§ 76 Disputatio V. On the Method of Knowing.

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§ 2 Sectio I. On Definition.

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§ 6 Sectio II. On Division.

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§ 12 Sectio III. On Argumentation.

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§ 18 Sectio IV. On the Mode and Figure of the Syllogism.

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§ 27 Sectio V. Ostensive Deduction of Syllogisms.

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§ 35 Sectio VI. Deduction of Syllogisms to the Impossible.

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§ 48 Sectio VII. On Consequence.

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§ 53 Some Terms Explained.

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§ 12 Logic

Disputatio I: Disputatio I. On the Object of Logic.

Sectio I. On Object and Subject in General.

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§ 13 Sectio II. The Adequate Matter of Logic.

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§ 20 Sectio III. Whether Words Are the Object of Logic?

§ 21 Subsectio I. Words are not the adequate object of logic.

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§ 26 Subsectio II. That voices do not inadequately pertain to the logician either.

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§ 40 Sectio IV. Whether a Being of Reason Is the Object of Logic?

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§ 44 Subsectio I. Which beings of reason constitute the object of logic.

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§ 52 Subsectio II. Refutation of the first argument drawn from authority.

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§ 59 Subsectio III. Arguments for the opinion of Soto and the other Thomists.

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§ 70 Subsectio IV. The object of logic is real being.

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§ 80 Sectio V. Whether the Formal or Rather the Objective Method of Knowing Is the Object of Logic.

§ 81 Subsectio I. These modes of knowing are explained.

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§ 88 Subsectio II. The question is resolved.

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§ 98 Sectio VI. What the Logician Immediately Considers in the Formal Method of Knowing.

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§ 110 Sectio VII. Whether the Formal Method of Knowing Is Treated by Attribution to the Objective.

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§ 118 Sectio VIII. On the Adequate Object of Dialectical Attribution.

§ 119 Subsectio I. The first opinion.

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§ 128 Subsectio II.

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§ 134 Subsectio III. Definition, division, and argumentation are not the adequate object of logic.

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§ 146 Subsectio IV. Demonstration alone is the adequate object of attribution.

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§ 163 Sectio IX. Other Matters Concerning the Object of Logic.

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§ 168 Disputatio II: Disputatio II. How Logic Attains Its Object.

Sectio I. On Logic as Used and as Taught: Whether Each Is a Science?

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§ 9 Sectio II. Whether Logic Is a Practical Science or a Speculative One?

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§ 29 Sectio III. Whether Logic Concurs Efficiently in the Acts of Other Sciences?

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§ 35 Sectio IV. The Utility, Unity, and End of Dialectic.

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§ 42 Disputatio III: Disputatio III. On the Predicables in General.

§ 1 Sectio I. I Premise Certain Points Concerning Universals.

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§ 8 Sectio II. Whether Predicability Belongs to the Essence of the Universal?

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§ 20 Sectio III. How Are Universals Predicated?

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§ 33 Disputatio IV: Disputatio IV. On Genus.

Sectio I. I Define Genus.

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§ 6 Sectio II. Whether the Material Element of Genus Is Common to All Its Inferiors?

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§ 16 Sectio III. In What Sense Is Genus a Part of Species?

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§ 20 Sectio IV. In What Sense Is Genus a Whole in Comparison with Species.

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§ 26 Sectio V. Whether Genus Is Predicated Immediately of Individuals?

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§ 48 Disputatio V: Disputatio V. On Species and the Individual.

Sectio I. On the Subjectable Species.

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§ 11 Sectio II. Definition of the Predicable Species.

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§ 16 Sectio III. Whether the Predicable Species Requires Several Possible Individuals? Subsectio I. The Opinion of the Thomists.

Subsectio I. The opinion of the Thomists.

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§ 22 Subsectio II. The foundations of his opinion are destroyed.

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§ 29 Subsectio III. The opposite opinion.

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§ 40 Sectio IV. Whether Genus Can Be Found in One Species, and This in One Individual?

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§ 48 Sectio V. On the Individual of First Intention.

§ 49 Sectio VI. On the Individual of Second Intention.

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§ 58 Sectio VII. Whether There Is a Common Account of Individuals.

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§ 72 Sectio VIII. On the Vague Individual and Its Predicability.

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§ 100 Sectio IX. The Predication of the Vague Individual.

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§ 105 Disputatio VI: Disputatio VI. On Difference, Property, and Accident.

Sectio I. I Set Forth the Essence of Difference.

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§ 6 Sectio II. Whether Difference Is Universal in Comparison with the Species It Constitutes? And Whether Differences Belong to the Concept of Genus?

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§ 12 Sectio III. Whether Genus and Subaltern Difference Belong to the Formal Concept of the Ultimate Difference?

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§ 26 Sectio IV. Whether the Lowest Difference Differs Specifically from the Subaltern Difference?

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§ 28 Sectio V. On Property.

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§ 33 Sectio VI. On Accident.

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§ 40 Disputatio VII: Disputatio VII. On What Is Common to the Five Predicables.