Universa Philosophia
Pedro Hurtado de Mendoza (1578–1641)
First published 1624
Hurtado de Mendoza, Universa Philosophia (Lyon 1624): the Summulae and the Logica through Disputatio VII, with an original English translation. The rest of the work follows in later append batches.
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Summulae
Instruction for the Beginner on the Method of Argument
§ 1
§ 2
§ 3
§ 4
§ 5
§ 6
§ 7
§ 8
§ 9
§ 10
§ 11
Disputatio I. On the Terms of Propositions, and Their Union.
Aristoteles primo Physicorum
Sectio I. What Are Subject, Predicate, and Union?
§ 1
§ 2
§ 3
§ 4
Sectio II. The Definition of Terms.
§ 5
§ 6
§ 7
§ 8
§ 9
§ 10
§ 11
§ 12
§ 13
§ 14
§ 15
§ 16
§ 17
§ 18
§ 19
§ 20
Sectio III. On Vocal, Written, and Mental Terms.
§ 21
§ 22
§ 23
§ 24
§ 25
§ 26
Sectio IV. On Significant and Non-Significant Terms.
§ 27
§ 28
§ 29
§ 30
§ 31
§ 32
§ 33
§ 34
§ 35
Signum significativum ad placitum
A significative sign at will is: That which beyond the cognition of itself makes us come into cognition of another thing by human institution. For example, this word equus causes three cognitions: two from its own nature in any intellect whatsoever, whether in Greece or in Latium, but the third only from the will and institution of the Latins in an intellect knowing Latin. Natural are the cognition of the word itself and the cognition of the man uttering it. But the third is the cognition of the horse signified by it among the Latins: the Summulist disputes about these signs, both written and spoken: not because it pertains to him how the voice is formed by instruments, as Peter of Spain does, but as it is now accepted in place of an internal proposition; otherwise the Summulist would also be a schoolmaster, and would teach with what pen one ought to write: therefore write or speak in whatever manner you please.
The Summulist only wants to employ external signs in place of the acts of the intellect by which things of this kind are perceived.