Universa Philosophia
Pedro Hurtado de Mendoza (1578–1641)
First published 1624
Hurtado de Mendoza, Universa Philosophia (Lyon 1624): the Summulae and the Logica through Disputatio VII, with an original English translation. The rest of the work follows in later append batches.
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Summulae
Instruction for the Beginner on the Method of Argument
§ 1
§ 2
§ 3
§ 4
§ 5
§ 6
§ 7
§ 8
§ 9
§ 10
§ 11
Disputatio I. On the Terms of Propositions, and Their Union.
Aristoteles primo Physicorum
Sectio I. What Are Subject, Predicate, and Union?
§ 1
§ 2
§ 3
§ 4
Sectio II. The Definition of Terms.
§ 5
§ 6
§ 7
§ 8
§ 9
§ 10
§ 11
§ 12
§ 13
§ 14
§ 15
§ 16
§ 17
§ 18
§ 19
§ 20
Sectio III. On Vocal, Written, and Mental Terms.
§ 21
§ 22
§ 23
§ 24
§ 25
§ 26
Sectio IV. On Significant and Non-Significant Terms.
§ 27
§ 28
§ 29
§ 30
§ 31
§ 32
§ 33
§ 34
§ 35
Signum significativum ad placitum
Sectio V. Divisions of the Mental Term.
§ 37
§ 38
§ 39
§ 40
§ 41
§ 42
§ 43
Sectio VI. On Universal, Particular, Confused, and Determinate, Superior, and Inferior Terms.
§ 44
§ 45
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§ 49
§ 50
§ 51
§ 52
§ 53
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§ 59
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Sectio VII. On Transcendent and Non-Transcendent Terms.
§ 67
§ 68
Sectio VIII. On Univocal, Equivocal, and Analogous Terms.
§ 69
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§ 73
Sectio IX. On Absolute and Connotative Terms.
§ 74
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§ 78
§ 79
§ 80
§ 81
§ 82
§ 83
§ 84
§ 85
§ 86
§ 87
Sectio X. On Categorematic and Syncategorematic Terms.
§ 88
Dices categorematicos significare
§ 90
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§ 92
Sectio XI. Concrete, Abstract, Complex, and Incomplex; Copulative and Non-Copulative Terms.
§ 93
§ 94
§ 95
§ 96
§ 97
§ 98
§ 99
§ 100
§ 101
§ 102
§ 103
Sectio XII. On Negative and Non-Negative Terms: Contrary and Contradictory.
§ 104
§ 105
§ 106
§ 107
§ 108
Sectio XIII. On Terms of First and Second Intention: Pertinent and Impertinent.
§ 109
§ 110
§ 111
Disputatio II. On the Properties of Terms.
Sectio I. On Supposition.
§ 1
§ 2
§ 3
§ 4
§ 5
§ 6
§ 7
§ 8
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§ 10
Sectio II. Formal and Material Supposition.
§ 11
§ 12
Sectio III. Simple and Personal Supposition.
§ 13
§ 14
§ 15
§ 16
§ 17
§ 18
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§ 20
Sectio IV. Common and Singular Supposition.
§ 21
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§ 23
Sectio V. Distributive, Copulate, Determinate, Natural, and Accidental Supposition.
§ 24
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§ 27
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§ 32
Sectio VI. On Ascent and Descent.
§ 33
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§ 36
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§ 42
Sectio VII. On Ampliation, Restriction, Alienation, and Diminution.
§ 43
§ 44
§ 45
§ 46
§ 47
§ 48
§ 49
Sectio VIII. On Appellation.
§ 50
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§ 52
Disputatio III. On Speech, Its Parts, and Division.
Sectio I. On the Noun.
§ 1
§ 2
§ 3
§ 4
§ 5
§ 6
§ 7
§ 8
§ 9
§ 10
§ 11
Sectio II. On the Verb.
§ 12
§ 13
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Sectio III. On Speech.
§ 19
§ 20
§ 21
Disputatio IV. On the Proposition.
Sectio I. I Define the Proposition.
§ 1
§ 2
§ 3
Sectio II. On the Matter, Quality, and Quantity of the Proposition.
§ 4
The matter of a proposition is the object of judgment, which, because it is set before the intellect, is customarily called the underlying matter, as is clear from disputation 1 of logic, section 1; as Petrus currit, Petrus et eius cursus are the matter about which the proposition is concerned. This matter is threefold. The first is called necessary, when the predicate cannot fail to agree with the subject, as Petrus est homo, because it implies that Peter is without being a man. The second is remote, because the predicate is so removed from the subject that they cannot be the same, as Petrus est lapis. The third is contingent, because the subject can be with the predicate and also can be without it, as homo currit. The union of the verb is called by some the form of the proposition; but the union is also matter, because it is the object of judgment.
§ 5
The quality of a proposition is said by some to be affirmation and negation; but its essence is said to be truth or falsity. That this is false is clear, because quality is an accident, but affirmation is not an accident of a proposition, as is clear in §1; therefore it is not quality. Likewise, an accident is not an essence, but truth is as it were an accident of a proposition; therefore it is not an essence. Others, as the Conimbricenses and Fonseca, say that affirmation and negation are the essential quality of a proposition, but truth is an accidental quality. I grasp the matter and approve it; I cannot approve the phrasing, because quality is an accident, but essence is not an accident; moreover, to join quiddity and accidental is to join repugnant terms, as if someone were to say that man has an irrational rationality. Therefore the essence of a proposition is to affirm or deny, but its quality is to be true or false.
§ 6
Quantity is not found properly in a proposition, but by a trope. For in a body the magnitude and smallness of a thing depend on quantity: if it is extended far, it makes the body large; but if it is contracted, it makes it small. So the quantity of a proposition is that by which a proposition is made great or extended and stretched out to many objects, or by which it is restricted to few. Hence to one asking what is the proposition? it is answered affirmative or negative. Of what sort is it? True or false. How much? Universal or singular. The quantity of a proposition is therefore divided into universal, particular, confused, and singular, as omnis homo currit, aliquis homo currit; this is confused, which others call particular; Hic homo currit. Quantity depends on the subject, and as the subject is supposed, the proposition is called universal or singular.