De Gratia et Libero Arbitrio

Bernard of Clairvaux

De Gratia et Libero Arbitrio

Bernard of Clairvaux (1090–1153)

First published 1128

A theological treatise on the relationship between divine grace and free will in the work of salvation. Bernard examines how grace precedes, assists, heals, and perfects the human will, while free will freely consents and cooperates with divine action. He explains the nature of human merit, arguing that all good originates in God's grace, yet becomes attributable to man through voluntary cooperation. The work distinguishes the divine operations of creation, reformation, and consummation, and explores the respective roles of grace and free will in each.


Preface

Brother BERNARD to the Lord William, Abbot of St. Thierry.

The little work concerning grace and free will, which lately, upon the occasion that thou knowest, I began, I have now by that same grace of God, so far as I have been able, brought to a conclusion. I fear, however, that I may be found either to have spoken of high matters all too unworthily, or to have reopened needlessly the discussion of matters of which many have already treated sufficiently. Do thou therefore read it first of all and, if thou seest fit, alone; lest, should it be submitted to the judgement of men, perchance rather the temerity of the writer be exposed than the charity of the reader be established. But shouldest thou consider that it may profitably be made public, then, be there aught which seemeth to thee obscure, which, in a matter itself confessedly obscure, might be more clearly stated, due regard being had to brevity, do thou not hesitate either to amend it thyself or to refer it to me for amendment; otherwise shouldest thou defraud thyself of the promise of the Divine Wisdom, which saith: “They that bring me to light shall possess eternal life.”

Caput I: That to the merit of a good work is needed, together with the grace of God, the consent of the free will

Caput II: In what freedom of will consisteth

Caput III: That there is a threefold freedom: that of nature, that of grace, and that of glory

Caput IV: What kind of freedom belongeth to the holy souls in their disembodied state: what kind belongeth to God, and what kind is common to all reasonable creatures

Caput V: Whether freedom from misery, or freedom of counsel, is granted in this world

Caput VI: That grace is altogether necessary in order that we may will what is good

Caput VII: Whether the first man in Paradise was endowed with this threefold freedom, and how far his endowment was lost by sin

Caput VIII: That free choice remaineth after sin hath entered in

Caput IX: That the image and the likeness of God, in which we were created, consist in a threefold freedom

Caput X: That through Christ the likeness which properly belongeth to the divine image is restored in us

Caput XI: That neither grace, nor temptation, taketh away from freedom of choice

Caput XII: Whether one that, for fear of death or of other penalty, denieth the faith is to be excused from blame, or to be held destitute of free choice

Caput XIII: That human merits are no other than divine gifts

Caput XIV: What part is to be assigned to grace, and what to free choice, in the work of salvation

↑ Top of work