De Consideratione

Bernard of Clairvaux

De Consideratione

Bernard of Clairvaux (1090–1153)

First published 1839

De Consideratione ad Eugenium (On Consideration, to Eugene) is Bernard of Clairvaux's last major treatise, composed between 1149 and 1152 and addressed to Pope Eugene III, a former monk of Clairvaux whom Bernard had personally formed before his elevation to the papacy. Written in five books, the work is at once a spiritual manual and a mirror for princes: Bernard urges the newly burdened pope not to let the ceaseless business of Rome — litigation, petitions, the "malicious occupations" of the Curia — extinguish the interior life of consideratio, the reflective self-examination that alone keeps action rightly ordered. The treatise moves outward in careful stages, following the fourfold scheme Bernard sets as its architecture: the pope's consideration of himself, of what lies beneath him (the clergy and people of Rome), of what surrounds him (the cardinals and household), and finally of what lies above him, culminating in Book V's ascent toward the contemplation of God, angelic hierarchy, and the divine nature itself. Alongside its mystical and pastoral concerns, the work is notable for its unsparing critique of curial corruption, its meditation on the proper limits of papal power (including the celebrated distinction between the "two swords"), and its warning — startling in an address to a reigning pope — that Eugene's worldly pomp descends "not from Peter, but from Constantine." Blending rhetorical intensity, biblical exegesis, and Cistercian spirituality, De Consideratione stands as one of the most influential texts of twelfth-century ecclesiology and remains a foundational witness to the monastic critique of ecclesiastical power.


Prologue

Liber Primus

Caput I: St. Bernard sympathizes with the Pope in his many cares

Caput II: The strength of evil custom

Caput III: The rulers of the Church ought not to be for ever hearing and deciding lawsuits

Caput IV: What service is worthy, what unworthy, of the servants of God

Caput V: The Pope should not be so absorbed in other men's affairs as to neglect himself

Caput VI: The administration of justice concerns temporal governors rather than bishops

Caput VII: Nothing more deserving of consideration than piety and things eternal

Caput VIII: The four primary virtues

Caput IX: The recent practice of the Pope to be gradually corrected, the old imitated

Caput X: The shameless trickery of advocates, judges, and procurators

Caput XI: Such iniquitous greed to be sternly rebuked

Liber Secundus

Caput I: St. Bernard apologizes for the failure of the Second Crusade

Caput II: Consideration distinguished from Contemplation

Caput III: Consideration fourfold—(1) The Pope himself, (2) things below him, (3) things around him, (4) things above him

Caput IV: The threefold Consideration leading to self-knowledge. Firstly, What the Pope is

Caput V: Secondly, Who the Pope is, and whence he comes

Caput VI: The zeal befitting ecclesiastical rulers

Caput VII: Who the Pope is—(continued)

Caput VIII: The dignity and power of the Pope

Caput IX: St. Bernard invites the Pope to consider what he is by nature

Caput X: What manner of man the Pope is

Caput XI: The necessity for self-examination

Caput XII: The spiritual effects of prosperity and adversity

Caput XIII: Idleness, trifling, and profitless conversation to be shunned

Caput XIV: The Pope warned against accepting the person of any

Liber Tertius

Caput I: The Pope should aim not at subjecting all men to himself, but at bringing them into the bosom of the Church

Caput II: The limits of appeals to the Apostolic See

Caput III: Church rulers are for the profit of their people

Caput IV: Ecclesiastical rank and dignity to be respected. The abuse of privileges and exemptions

Caput V: The Sovereign Pontiff should uphold the Apostolic decrees and ancient ordinances throughout the world

Liber Quartus

Caput I: The things 'around' the Pope

1. If I knew better, most loving Eugenius, how you received what I have already sent, I should proceed to the rest of my work with corresponding confidence or caution; or I might, of course, stop altogether. But since the distance which separates us renders such knowledge impossible, you must not be surprised if, as I approach (with some misgiving, I confess) the middle of my subject, my discourse flows less freely in its divided channel. Having fully treated the first part of consideration in the former books, I now take in hand the task of adding my views on the things around you. They, too, are really under you, but the nearer they are the greater is their importunity. For being before your very eyes they allow no pretence of carelessness or forgetfulness. They more furiously drive you; they more tumultuously mob you; there is reason to fear they may carry you away altogether. I do not doubt that you have learnt from your own experience what watchful and earnest consideration is required when things are so. Moreover, if careful and timely consideration does not step in, your vexation will be boundless, and your anxiety unceasing. You will not have a moment to spare, nor a free place in your heart; the labour will be greater, the profit less. I have in mind those things which come upon you daily from the city, from the court, from your own church. These things, I say, are around you; your clergy and your people, whose own bishop you are, and to whom you therefore owe a debt of special care. So are they, too, who day by day assist you, the elders of the people, the judges of the world; they, too, who belong to your household and sit at your table, your chaplains, gentlemen of the bedchamber, and inferior clergy appointed in their different offices to do you service. These are your more intimate acquaintance; they more frequently knock, disturb, and vex you. These are they who are not afraid to wake the beloved before she wishes to be awakened.

Caput II: The clergy and people of Rome. The care and watchfulness of shepherds in olden time

Caput III: The necessity of curtailing extravagance in dress, &c.

Caput IV: The Pope’s colleagues and coadjutors at the Lateran

Caput V: The Pope should refuse bribes. Martin and Gaufrid. The arrogance of the Pope's attendants

Caput VI: It is not becoming in the Pope to be absorbed in the management of his household to the neglect of weightier matters. He should have a steward

Caput VII: The ideal Pope

Liber Quintus

Caput I: The things ‘above’ us, namely, God and things Divine, to which we rise by means of the Creatures

Caput II: The Steps of Consideration

Caput III: Opinion, Faith, and Understanding

Caput IV: The Angels

Caput V: God is the Source of Angelic Gifts and Graces

Caput VI: The Eternal Self-existence of God

Caput VII: The Divine Trinity in Unity

Caput VIII: The plurality of Persons in the Godhead, and their several 'properties'. The unity and simplicity of the Essence

Caput IX: As in God there are three Persons and one Nature: so in Christ there are two Natures and one Person

Caput X: The Parable of the three Measures of Meal

Caput XI: The consideration of God continued

Caput XII: God the rewarder of the good, and the righteous judge of the wicked

Caput XIII: The mystical interpretation of the length and breadth, and height, and depth

Caput XIV: What it is to 'comprehend' God

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