De Consideratione

Bernard of Clairvaux

De Consideratione

Bernard of Clairvaux (1090–1153)

First published 1839

De Consideratione ad Eugenium (On Consideration, to Eugene) is Bernard of Clairvaux's last major treatise, composed between 1149 and 1152 and addressed to Pope Eugene III, a former monk of Clairvaux whom Bernard had personally formed before his elevation to the papacy. Written in five books, the work is at once a spiritual manual and a mirror for princes: Bernard urges the newly burdened pope not to let the ceaseless business of Rome — litigation, petitions, the "malicious occupations" of the Curia — extinguish the interior life of consideratio, the reflective self-examination that alone keeps action rightly ordered. The treatise moves outward in careful stages, following the fourfold scheme Bernard sets as its architecture: the pope's consideration of himself, of what lies beneath him (the clergy and people of Rome), of what surrounds him (the cardinals and household), and finally of what lies above him, culminating in Book V's ascent toward the contemplation of God, angelic hierarchy, and the divine nature itself. Alongside its mystical and pastoral concerns, the work is notable for its unsparing critique of curial corruption, its meditation on the proper limits of papal power (including the celebrated distinction between the "two swords"), and its warning — startling in an address to a reigning pope — that Eugene's worldly pomp descends "not from Peter, but from Constantine." Blending rhetorical intensity, biblical exegesis, and Cistercian spirituality, De Consideratione stands as one of the most influential texts of twelfth-century ecclesiology and remains a foundational witness to the monastic critique of ecclesiastical power.


Prologue

Liber Primus

Caput I: St. Bernard sympathizes with the Pope in his many cares

Caput II: The strength of evil custom

2. Do not trust your present feelings too much. There is nothing so rooted in the heart but it may by neglect in process of time lose its force and vigour. If you neglect the old wound it grows callous, and in proportion as it loses feeling it becomes incurable. In fact, severe unceasing pain cannot last long ; if it is not got rid of some other way, it must of necessity be conquered by itself. Beyond a doubt it will either be relieved by some remedy, or it will end in stupefaction. Custom turns everything upside down. Give it time, and what can resist its hardening effect ? What does not yield to use ? How many find that the bitterness they had formerly dreaded has unfortunately through use alone turned to sweetness ? Hear how the just man laments over this : ‘ What things my soul refused to touch are now through want become my food.’ At first something will seem to you unbearable ; as time goes on, and you get used to it, you will judge it of no such great importance ; a little later you will think it even unimportant ; a little later you will not think it even that ; a little later it will delight you. Thus little by little our hearts are hardened, and then we loathe goodness. Just so, severe unceasing pain must, as I have said, have a speedy ending ; it will either be cured, or insensibility will ensue.

3. This is precisely why I have always feared, and still fear, that if you delay to apply the remedy, you will not endure the pain, and that you may thus incur the risk of being irrevocably and hopelessly overwhelmed. I am afraid, I say, lest, surrounded by occupations so numerous that you distrust your power of getting through them, you may harden your forehead, and thus gradually in a measure strip yourself of the feeling of a just and profitable sorrow. It would be far more prudent for you to even leave them for a time, than suffer yourself to be carried away by them, and certainly by degrees led whither you would not. Do you ask whither ? I reply, to a hard heart. Do not further ask what that means ; if you have not greatly feared it, it is yours already. That heart alone is hard which does not shudder at itself for not feeling its hardness. Why ask me ? Ask Pharaoh. No one ever got his hard heart cured unless God haply took pity on him, and, according to the prophet, removed his heart of stone and gave him a heart of flesh. What then is a hard heart? It is a heart which is not torn by remorse, nor softened by affection, nor moved by entreaties; which does not yield to threats, but is hardened by scourges. It is ungrateful for kindnesses, faithless in counsel, cruel in judgement, shameless in disgrace, without sense of fear in the midst of danger, inhuman in things human, heedless in things divine; it forgets the past, neglects the present, does not look on to the future. It is a heart emptied of all the past except the wrongs it has suffered, which lets slip all the present, which has no forecast of the future, no preparation to meet it, unless perchance it be with a view to gratifying its malice. And, that I may briefly sum up the mischief of this dreadful plague, it is a heart which neither fears God nor respects man. See whither these accursed occupations can drag you at their heels, if, as you have begun, you continue to give yourself wholly to them, and leave nothing of yourself for yourself. You are wasting time; and, if I may present myself to you in the character of another Jethro, you, like Moses, are spending yourself in this foolish labour over these things which are nothing else but torture of spirit, the enfeebling of the mind, the voiding of grace. For the fruit of these things, what is it but spiders' webs?

Caput III: The rulers of the Church ought not to be for ever hearing and deciding lawsuits

Caput IV: What service is worthy, what unworthy, of the servants of God

Caput V: The Pope should not be so absorbed in other men's affairs as to neglect himself

Caput VI: The administration of justice concerns temporal governors rather than bishops

Caput VII: Nothing more deserving of consideration than piety and things eternal

Caput VIII: The four primary virtues

Caput IX: The recent practice of the Pope to be gradually corrected, the old imitated

Caput X: The shameless trickery of advocates, judges, and procurators

Caput XI: Such iniquitous greed to be sternly rebuked

Liber Secundus

Caput I: St. Bernard apologizes for the failure of the Second Crusade

Caput II: Consideration distinguished from Contemplation

Caput III: Consideration fourfold—(1) The Pope himself, (2) things below him, (3) things around him, (4) things above him

Caput IV: The threefold Consideration leading to self-knowledge. Firstly, What the Pope is

Caput V: Secondly, Who the Pope is, and whence he comes

Caput VI: The zeal befitting ecclesiastical rulers

Caput VII: Who the Pope is—(continued)

Caput VIII: The dignity and power of the Pope

Caput IX: St. Bernard invites the Pope to consider what he is by nature

Caput X: What manner of man the Pope is

Caput XI: The necessity for self-examination

Caput XII: The spiritual effects of prosperity and adversity

Caput XIII: Idleness, trifling, and profitless conversation to be shunned

Caput XIV: The Pope warned against accepting the person of any

Liber Tertius

Caput I: The Pope should aim not at subjecting all men to himself, but at bringing them into the bosom of the Church

Caput II: The limits of appeals to the Apostolic See

Caput III: Church rulers are for the profit of their people

Caput IV: Ecclesiastical rank and dignity to be respected. The abuse of privileges and exemptions

Caput V: The Sovereign Pontiff should uphold the Apostolic decrees and ancient ordinances throughout the world

Liber Quartus

Caput I: The things 'around' the Pope

Caput II: The clergy and people of Rome. The care and watchfulness of shepherds in olden time

Caput III: The necessity of curtailing extravagance in dress, &c.

Caput IV: The Pope’s colleagues and coadjutors at the Lateran

Caput V: The Pope should refuse bribes. Martin and Gaufrid. The arrogance of the Pope's attendants

Caput VI: It is not becoming in the Pope to be absorbed in the management of his household to the neglect of weightier matters. He should have a steward

Caput VII: The ideal Pope

Liber Quintus

Caput I: The things ‘above’ us, namely, God and things Divine, to which we rise by means of the Creatures

Caput II: The Steps of Consideration

Caput III: Opinion, Faith, and Understanding

Caput IV: The Angels

Caput V: God is the Source of Angelic Gifts and Graces

Caput VI: The Eternal Self-existence of God

Caput VII: The Divine Trinity in Unity

Caput VIII: The plurality of Persons in the Godhead, and their several 'properties'. The unity and simplicity of the Essence

Caput IX: As in God there are three Persons and one Nature: so in Christ there are two Natures and one Person

Caput X: The Parable of the three Measures of Meal

Caput XI: The consideration of God continued

Caput XII: God the rewarder of the good, and the righteous judge of the wicked

Caput XIII: The mystical interpretation of the length and breadth, and height, and depth

Caput XIV: What it is to 'comprehend' God

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